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The paper presents a list of lichen species collected in the woody reserve “Las Zwierzyniecki” in Białystok. In total 45 species, have been recorded nine of which belong to the group threatened lichens in Poland (Cieśliński et al. 2006), one is partially protected, and fi ve are to by come totally protected (Regulation of 2004). The paper contains fi ndings of lichenbiota changes after 10 years. During the current research seven species have not been confi rmed, which represents 13% of the total reserve lichenbiota and nine new ones have been found.
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Diversity of ancient woody species in urban forests

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Mostly parks and forest are the most important ‘green islands’ in urban ecological network. Urban forests are belong to green areas and collected many plant species. The main aim of the article was characteristic of ancient plant species in urban forests in Tarnów. The field studies were carried out in years 2011–2012. It covered 80 phytosociological records on the area 500 m2 in herb layer of urban forests and in forest nature on oak-hornbeam. The results showed that many ancient plant species were growing in urban forest but less than in nature reserves.
Leaf phenology has been considered to evolve to maximize plant carbon gains, and it reflects plant life history strategies. To determine the effect of leaf traits on leaf phenology, leaf emergence (such as timing of leaf emergence, leaf expansion rate, durations of leaf expansion), leaf traits (leaf mass per area – LMA and leaf size), and their relationships were investigated for 40 woody species from 13 families in an evergreen broad-leaved forest, southeast China. Compared with understorey shrubs (23 species), trees species (17 species) were significantly later in timing of leaf emergence, greater in leaf area and leaf expansion rate. This is assumed to be a strategy for large-leaved tree species to decrease damage during leaf expansion. In terms of leaf size, the small-leaved species leafed out earlier than the species with large leaves, but the largeleaved species were greater in leaf expansion rate than their counterparts. Leaf expansion rate was positively correlated with leaf area and timing of leaf emergence. Leaf herbivore rate was positively correlated with leaf area and leaf expansion period, but negatively with LMA. These results suggest that large- and small-leaved species possibly employed different strategies to minimize herbivore damage. Small-leaved species avoid defoliator damage by early leafing, while largeleaved species have shorter expansion times and thereby shorten vulnerable time to herbivores. In general, dynamics of emergence and expansion of the woody species in the study forest indicate that the leaf phenology is of significance for species’ carbon gain and survival.
The scaling relationship between the number and size of plant’s components has been observed traditionally as reflective of a trade-off in resource allocation over ontogeny. The recent finding of a negative isometric leaf size/number trade-off across 24 deciduous woody species extends knowledge of such trade-offs to current-year shoots. Before generally accepted, this isometry has to be consistent across more datasets that represent diverse habitats. We tested this scaling relationship using 12 deciduous shrub species from the western Gobi Desert and 56 woody species from the northeastern temperate zone of China. Our results showed that leaf number per stem mass of current-year shoots scaled approximately isometrically with individual leaf mass within and across habitats, which, combined with the independence of total leaf mass and individual leaf mass, supports isometric scaling for shoot-scale leaf deployment. However, the intercepts of these relationships decreased significantly along the environmental gradients, suggesting that habitats could place a constraint on the total leaf number that can be supported by a given size shoot. Convergence towards higher leaf number and smaller leaf size for some desert species suggests important adaptive implications for photosynthetic carbon gain and reproductive growth.
Peat mining has a serious impact on the Pinus rotundata Link habitat. The possibility of sustaining a vital Pinus rotundata bog forest on undisturbed edges of mined peat bog was assessed. 28.7 ha of undisturbed edge of Borkovicka blata peat bog were sampled by regular grid of circular sample plots. Data about tree layer, natural regeneration of woody species as well as herb layer were collected. The impact of mined area drainage on vegetation communities in the undisturbed edge of peat bogs was discovered. The original Pinus rotundata bog forest is getting older and it is gradually being replaced by forest stands dominated by Picea abies (L.) Karsten, Betula pendula Roth and B. pubescens Ehrh. The character of vegetation changes more rapidly with the increasing vertical distance of the remaining fragment and the mined part. This secondary elevation represents a serious problem in the water regime restoration and consequent revitalisation of the Pinus rotundata bog forest on the undisturbed edge of the mined peat bog.
The study aimed to investigate effectiveness of forest management zoning in conserving biodiversity of Mabira forest reserve. The study sites buffer, production, and strict nature reserve management zones were purposively selected. This was undertaken through investigating woody species diversity, composition and structure. A total of 60 sampling plots with a size of 20 m x10 m were used to collect vegetation data. Variables such as woody plant species identification and counts as well as diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees were done. The result depicted a total of 65 woody species; 39 in buffer, 19 in productions and 37 in strict nature reserve. Of these, only 9 trees species were found common to all zones and their Sorensen similarity coefficient was 0.2213. The population structure of the buffer and strict nature reserve zones was found to be a J - shape pattern, whereas the production zone shown an inverted J-shape pattern. Higher woody species diversity was depicted in the buffer and strict nature zones with (H’=2. 73512) and (H’=2. 68412) respectively, and lower in a production zone (H’=1. 63628). The evenness index value of a buffer zone was (J =0. 746574), strict nature (J= 0.743335) and production (J=0. 555719). The production zone had shown higher IVI values followed by buffer and strict nature reserve zone. The most important woody species identified based on their IVI value were Broussonetia papyrifera (Production), Acalypha neptunica (Buffer), Funtumia Elastica (strict nature reserve). The existing forest management is effective in conserving the biodiversity of the forest reserve. Nevertheless, the production zone was still suffering from exploitation of the surrounding community, hence serve for protecting the remaining management zones from further human interference. Further investigation is also required on the adjacent community perceptions of the forest management zoning.
The paper presents the results of studies devoted to woody species composition in three types of mid-field woodlots (N = 183), located on the area of 5480 ha in the intensively managed agricultural landscape of Wrocław Plain (Lower Silesia, south-western Poland). The woodlots studied were divided into mid-field clumps (n = 74), water-edge hedgerows (n = 75) and avenues (n = 34). In general, in the three types of woodlots 77 woody plant species were found. To the most common species (50% frequency in all the woodlots) belonged: elder (Sambucus nigra), single-neck hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), blackberry (Rubus spp.) and blackthorn (Prunus spinosa). For 21 species, statistically significant differences between frequency of occurrence in water-edge hedgerows and clumps were found. Ten species differed in frequency of occurrence between water-edge hedgerows and avenues. Differences between clumps and avenues were documented for 15 species. No significant differences were found in the occurrence of species dispersed by wind, animals and water, and between native species and those of foreign origin, in the respective types of woodlots. For the three types of woodlots studied, high statistically significant correlations were found between the size of woodlots (length for water-edge hedgerows and avenues, and area for mid-field clumps) and the number of recorded woody species. Based on the results obtained and literature data the mechanisms of the floristic diversity of mid-field woodlots were discussed.
Winter food caches of beavers Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758 were examined in 16 locations within the Suwałki region (north-eastern Poland). Four caches were selected to represent each of four habitat types: river, lake, farmland, and oligotrophic small reservoir called 'suchar'. Altogether, 92 509 twigs and branches of 15 woody species were identified and measured. Individual caches, with one exception, included branches of only 4 or 5 species. Willows Salix sp., birches Betula sp., alder Alnus glutinosa, trembling aspen Populus tremula, and mountain ash Sorbus aucuparia occurred in caches from all four habitats studied. Willows alone constituted 62.5% of the total number of branches cached. Willows, together with birch, hazel Corylus avellana, alder, and trembling aspen, amounted to 97% of all branches in caches. The remaining 10 species provided only 3% of the branches cached. Most branches were 0.5-1 m long and <3 cm thick at their base. Contents of food caches provided a good indication of winter diet and possibly food preference of beavers.
Succession of woody species on bogs is a process limited by high groundwater table. In the case of drainage, this limiting factor becomes suppressed and succession may accelerate. The aim of the study was to assess the development of tree stands on a raised bog influenced by drainage and wild fire and to assess the dynamics of woody species encroachment. The study was conducted in the ‘Brzozowe Bagno koło Czaplinka’ nature reserve in NW Poland, where the originally unforested peat bog was influenced by peat harvesting, drainage and fire over 100 years. The diameter at breast height of tree species and natural regeneration were assessed. Six types of tree stands were distinguished: open bog, bog forest with Pinus sylvestris, early-, mid- and late-successional bog forest with Betula pubescens and pioneer forest with Populus tremula, which occurred in the post-fire sites. After ca 100 years of human activity on an unforested peat bog, dense forest emerged on almost all of the study area. Drainage and wildfire influenced tree stand structure. The course of succession most probably goes from open bog to pine bog forest and early-, mid- and late-successional birch forests. Regeneration of B. pubescens is a crucial phase of woody species succession, because this species creates suitable conditions for growth of late-successional species.
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