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Vast presence and diversity of viruses is the driving force in the evolution of higher organisms. The bulk of nature’s genetic information resides in viral genomes. Viruses are the most creative genetic entities. Forterre believes that viruses were immediate agents in evolution of RNA-based life into DNA-based life, and they may have helped shape all three major domains of life.
Tematem niemal wszystkich rozważań jest ostatnio epidemia. Ekonomia środowiska nie podpowie rozwiązania problemu, ale może podzielić się swoimi badaniami w innych obszarach, które mogą mieć znaczenie również i w tej dziedzinie. Istnieje kilka takich punktów styczności. Najistotniejsze są jednak wskazówki ekonomii środowiska w odniesieniu do analizy kosztów i korzyści. Nawet jeśli nie udałoby się dobrze wycenić ekonomicznych korzyści z tytułu zwalczania epidemii, to warto zadbać o przestrzeganie efektywności kosztowej.
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Wirusy pasozytniczych pierwotniakow

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The authors present the actual review on several publications concerning the molecular characterizations of the viruses found in parasitic protozoa such as Giardia, Trichomonas, Leishmania and Entamoeba histolytica. All of the RNA viruses observed in parasitic protozoa showed several similarities and did not considerably differ from the viruses found in simple eukaryotic cells; they closely correspond to dsRNA viruses of yeast. The supposition that the protozoan symbionts detected in laboratories transfer to their hosts in natural conditions seemed to be rational, though, there are no evidences that these symbionts are potential pathogens. However, the opinion reiterates that intestinal protozoa (e.g. Entamoeba histolytica) may serve as vectors for HIV or cofactors of HIV infection. The authors point out that irrespective of the potential role of viruses as vectors in the transfection system for parasitic protozoa, the observed viral system constitutes an unusual experimental system to solve the problems of gene expression.
The 8th Report of International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) contains a rational, satisfying and useful taxonomic structure of viruses infecting vertebrates, invertebrates, fungi, protozoa, algae, bacteria, archea, mycoplasma, and plants. It facilitates communication among virologists around the world and enriches our understanding of virus biology. Data presented in this article concern taxonomy of viruses infecting vertebrates.
During last 15 years at least 38 species from 16 genera of plant viruses were detected and identified in environmental waters, such as rivers, streams, ponds, lakes and in the sea. Infectious virus particles were found in field and greenhouse irrigation systems, hydroponic cultures, manure nutrient solutions, and even in semi-liquid sludge of sewage plants. Plant viruses were also detected in tap water, fogs and in the clouds. Presented paper reviews: - the methods used for detecting plant viruses in waters samples, - the forms and stages of infectious plant viruses in natural waters, - methods of long distance water-transmission of plant viruses including the origins of virus particles in surface waters and mechanisms of plant infections, - epidemiological consequences of water-born and air-born plant virus discovery.
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The very beginnings of plant virus nomenclature and classification were briefly mentioned and different points of view on virus names were commented on, and exemplified by 12 different proposals for the name of tobacco mosaic tobamovirus. The history and activities of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses were briefly reviewed, stressing its legislation and regulation efforts. In the main part of the lecture current regulations and proposals of ICTV were presented concerning introduction of species concept and species-genus-family-order system of virus taxonomy, as well as creating a single taxonomy system for all the viruses. The main results of some research works in the field of genetics and molecular biology were reviewed forming the basis for understanding genetic diversification and speciation in plant viruses by comparing a gene structure and expression mechanisms. The proposed species names as well as those of genus, family and order are cited. Finally, current trends in virus taxonomy were presented. The implications of so-called "super-groups" and some additional proposals for new virus orders and families were discussed. The situation in the taxonomy of plant viroids was briefly commented on.
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