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Pigs serve as major reservoirs of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses which are endemic in pig populations worldwide and are responsible for one of the most prevalent respiratory diseases in pigs. Therefore the early detection and identification of such events are paramount in monitoring the spread of influenza viruses. Transfer of influenza A viruses from animal hosts to man may lead to the emergence of new human pandemic strains. The aim of the study was to prove the matrix gene useful for reverse transcription nested-PCR as sensitive and specific for the detection of swine influenza A viruses in clinical samples. 75 RNA-virus positive samples out of 235 samples, including nasal swabs, lung tissues and whole blood samples, were detected by RT-n-PCR. Using conventional virology method we isolated 33 SIV strains in embryonated chicken SPF eggs. The results of PCR were 100% in agreement with those of virus isolation. The limit of detection of SIV was 10-7 EID50/0.1 ml. These results demonstrate the usefulness of RT-n-PCR for the detection and identification of influenza A virus in clinical material.
Human and animals influenza is caused by the virus possessing 8 RNA segments in the genome. The segmented nature is critical structural feature that allows influenza viruses to undergo genetic reassortment. Pigs are important reservoir of influenza viruses because they express two types of receptors in the trachea which can bind swine, human and avian influenza viruses during infection. Therefore reassortation of viruses’ segments from different origin and subtypes can occur and facilitate in this way the generation of the strains with pandemic potential. Pigs can infect human with influenza virus directly which was several times confirmed. However the monitoring of pig care takers health indicate that it happened occasionally. In April 2009 the first cases of influenza, caused by the new strain of influenza type A H1N1, possessing genes of swine origin of unknown combination, occurred in North America. Within few days influenza spread and over 1000 people in 21 countries developed the illness, including 27 deaths. New A H1N1 strain possesses pandemic potency and is transmitted between humans only. Up to now none of the cases reported worldwide have had any direct contact with pigs. More over infected person introduced the mutant into the pig herd which may increase the risk of further reassortation. Data concerning the epidemic of A H1N1 strain are presented in this paper.
Influenza viruses of group A, being the etiological agent of the seasonal human influenza, as well as those causing disease in birds and also viruses of swine influenza, were characterized. The present situation world wide was presented. The avian influenza lasting since 2003, caused by H5N1, was identified in 62 countries, causing all together death or culling of 220 milions of birds. The disease is classified as an avian and not a human influenza. The virus infects humans with low frequency, the transmission from human to human is not occurring or is occurring sporadically, however the mortality is 60 per cent of the diseased persons. The influenza, which is noted at present, is a disease of humans and the causing virus H1N1 is a quadruple genetic combination of avian, human and swine virus genomic segments. Until now the coarse of the disease is mild. However the number of confirmed human cases and mortality is increasing. The disease has been diagnosed in 33 countries (data from the 14th of May 2009) and WHO has declared the fifth phase of pandemic alert. Because of a high possibility of mutation and reasortation with avian and swine viruses continuous monitoring of influenza viruses in the animal reservoir is necessary which requires steady medical and veterinary cooperation.
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