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Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is one of the major horse diseases, causing considerable worldwide losses. A variety of techniques, including nested PCR, have been used to diagnose EHV-1 infections. In this paper, a real-time PCR assay that uses non-specific SYBR Green I® fluorochrome for the detection of EHV-1 DNA is described. This method does not require post-amplification manipulations, thereby reducing the risk of cross-contamination. The assay was sensitive enough to detect EHV-1 sequences in neuronal cell cultures and also different clinical samples. The technique is specific: it was not reactive with other herpesviruses or opportunistic bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecium. In comparison to virus isolation or the nested PCR used previously, the test was more sensitive and should be useful for the common diagnosis based on its specificity and rapidity.
110 blood samples from clinically healthy mares of English breed, half-blood and the Wielkopolska race were tested for the presence of EHV-1 and EHV-2 using nested PCR. 15 samples were EHV-1-positive, 24 samples were EHV-2-positive, whereas only 4 samples were both EHV-1 and EHV-2 positive. The virus was isolated from PBLs in equine dermal cell cultures by co-cultivation or by culture inoculation with cell lysates derived from PBLs. A total of 14 strains were isolated from EHV-2 and EHV-1/EHV-2-positive samples. However, all of them were identified by nPCR as being type 2. Since no EHV-1 was isolated, even from dually infected leukocytes, it was concluded that the presence of EHV-2 does not stimulate in-vitro isolation of EHV-1 from infected leukocytes. It is tempting to speculate that such stimulatory effects in-vivo may involve EHV-2-induced immunosupression. Despite any possible mechanism of EHV-1 stimulation, it seems that EHV-2 does not play a significant role in the epidemiology of EHV-1-caused miscarriages in horses since mixed infections are rather rare.
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) is one of the most important infectious agents in horses. This virus causes inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, pneumonia, abortion, death of newborn foals and encephalomyelitis known as Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy (EHM). In recent years there has been a marked increase in the incidence of EHM caused by infection with neuropathogenic strains of EHV1. For this reason, some experts believe that EHM should be classified as a newly emerging infectious disease. Although this disease is less frequently observed than the other clinical forms of EHV1 infection, it may cause serious economic losses in breeding horses and have a very negative impact on the functioning of riding schools, racetracks and veterinary hospitals. This review discusses selected aspects of EHM, such as the link between the neurologic form of the disease and the EHV1 genotype, clinical signs, and methods of diagnosis and prevention.
The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection on actin cytoskeleton in ED (equine dermal). Cells in vitro.ED cells were infected with a strain of Jan-E of EHV-1, fixed and stained for the presence of actin and virus antigen. Results were evaluated by confocal microscopy. The assembly of the actin cytoskeleton was heavily disturbed. In order to affirm whether changes in cytoskeleton of EHV-1 infected cells depend on the type of cells, we infected Vero cell culture with 2 different standard strains of EHV-1 - Rac-H, AIV - and Jan-E isolated from an aborted fetus. Unfortunately, the infection of Vero cells with the strain Jan-E of EHV-1 failed because this strain was not adapted to the heterogeneous cell line. Only strain Rac-H and AIV can replicate in Vero cells, which was determined through the application of PCR.
Cancer is one of the most frequent causes of death in Poland and in the world. The low efficacy of conventional treatment, as well as the high toxicity of the usual therapies, have stimulated the search for alternative methods. One of them is the deployment of oncolytic viruses. Oncolytic viruses have a natural ability to lyse tumor cells or can obtain this ability through certain modifications. The aim of virotherapy is to discover a virus that will lyse only tumor cells, and will not be dangerous to healthy cells, and moreover will not cause an undesirable response from the host’s immune system. Animal viruses with oncolytic abilities are very promising, because they are not pathogenic for humans and often show a high specificity for human cancerous cells.
The aim of the study was the isolation and identification of herpesviruses (EHV1 and EHV4) in nasal swabs from horses with upper respiratory tract infections and organs of aborted foetus by using PCR and cell culture method. A total of 110 swab samples taken from 90 horses with upper respiratory tract infections and 20 healthy animals and tissue samples from aborted foetuses were included in the study. Sampled animals were selected from 12 horse farms located in the central and south-eastern part of Poland, with different geographical conditions, types of breeding and number of livestock. The collected samples were first examined with the use of PCR to detect DNA of equine herpesviruses type 1 and 4. DNA of EHV4 has been detected in 9 samples taken from 9 horses from two farms. DNA of EHV1 was detected in one swab sample and in tissue samples of aborted fetuses. A representative group of 58 samples taken from sick horses and tissue samples from the fetuses were examined for the virus isolation with the use of three cell lines (RK-13, EEL, MDBK). The positive effect of the virus isolation was obtained with regards to two EHV1 strains, one isolated from a swab sample and the second one from an aborted fetus. However, the isolation of EHV4 strains from 9 samples positive in PCR was unsuccessful. All samples taken from 20 horses from the control group were negative in both virological tests.
This article describes a case of an abortion storm caused by an EHV1 infection which took place in a stud of thoroughbred horses. The clinical course of the infection in the stud was investigated. On the basis of anamnesis, the analysis of clinical signs and gross pathological changes a suspicion of the aetiology of the abortion storm was put forward. The final diagnosis was made with the use of the PCR method. During the breeding season under investigation, 30 out of 44 pregnant mares from the barn of the stud A delivered healthy foals, 12 mares aborted, one delivered in term a dead foal and one delivered in term a live and weak foal, which succumbed within 24 hours after parturition. The analysis of this case of an abortion storm caused by an EHV1 infection may lead to a conclusion that an indirect cause of the outbreak could have been an insufficient level of protective immunity, connected with the lack of vaccinations of pregnant mares against a herpesvirus infection. Mares newly introduced into the barn, which had not been quarantined, were presumably the main source of the infection.
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