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Winter hardiness of plants is limited mainly due to sensibility to Iow temperature and winter fungus damages. Snow mould is a disease that affects many species of winter cereals, turf and forage grasses. In Poland it is caused mainly by the common and economically important fungal pathogen Microdochium nivale causing pink snow mould, destructive disease of seedlings, stem bases and ears. The aim of the study was to investigate the dynamie of Microdochium nivale infection and cytological changes in cold-hardened Lolium perenne Danish cv. Darius. Plants were inoculated with mycelium. The studied plants demonstrated fast defence response to fungus attack, accumulating phenolics already one day after inoculation, however no infecting hyphae within leaf tissue at this time were detected. The first infection hyphae in plants were observed two days after inoculation. Microscopy observations revealed sheaths of the youngest leaves located in the crowns as the main infection way. These observations showed that Microdochium nivale hyphae uptake nutrients from the host by haustoria damaging the protoplasts of mesophyll cells causing their strong plasmolysis. This type of feeding is characteristic for biotrophic and hemibiotrophic parasites. Our observation proved that Microdochium nivale is a hemibiotrophic pathogen and inoculation with its mycelium is very effective and fast and causes serious damages of Lolium perenne cells.
This work presents the results concerning the yielding (time of ripening, weight of clusters and berries, fertility of vines, percent of soluble solids, taste of fruits), winter hardiness and susceptibility to fungal diseases (downy mildew, powdery mil­dew, grey mould and excoriose) of 25 selected cultivars for processing. The investiga­tions were carried out in the grapevine collection of the Research Institute of Pomol­ogy and Floriculture in Skierniewice, Poland. This grapevine collection was estab­lished in 1992, and it is consisted of 234 taxons. Assessed genotypes differed consid­erably in terms of the examined traits. Berries ripened from the second half of August ('Reform') until the second week of October ('V 71141', 'Sibera'). In the years 2005­2009, vines of the hybrid 'V 64035' and cultivars 'Seyval' and 'Cayuga White' were most productive. Berries of 'Delaware' were characterized by having the highest level of soluble solids. Vines of interspecific hybrids were less susceptible to frost damage and fungal diseases than cultivars of V. vinifera ('Chasselas Dore', 'Ortega'). Inter­specific hybrids 'Seyval', 'Bianca', 'Sibera', 'Marechal Foch', 'Rondo' and 'Regent' were distinguished as having the best yielding and highest quality of fruit from among the assessed cultivars, for commercial wine making. 'Aurore', 'Delaware', 'Cascade' and 'Golubok' were relatively reliable in yielding, and their grapes may be used for the production of juice and home wines.
Hamburg parsley is a vegetable that can overwinter in the field. One of the factors influencing surviving winter by plants is the selection of cultivar. In the experiment the relationship between winter hardiness of plants and the changes taking place in the structure of the yield obtained in spring was examined, in comparison to the crop harvested before winter, and Hamburg parsley cultivar. From among the plants of examined cultivars the winter conditions were best survived by ‘Bubka’, ‘Ołomuńcka’ and ‘Vistula’. The yield harvested in spring, as compared to that obtained in autumn, did not depend of the plants’ winter hardiness. Postponing the harvest term to spring decreased the quantities of obtained yields. From among the examined cultivars, only ‘Vistula’, ‘Eagle’ and ‘Ołomuńcka’ plants formed larger marketable yields of roots in spring. In the yield collected in spring there were more I class marketable roots (Ø30–60 mm), and less small ones (Ø< 20 mm). The participation of bifurcated and rotted roots was also greater. Overwintering of plants caused the decrease of leaf yield quantity, with simultaneous improvement of marketable quality.
A field experiment with Actinidia arguta and A. kolomikta cultivars purchased from a commercial nursery was conducted in Skierniewice, central Poland. Both Actinidia arguta and A. kolomikta cultivars were planted in June 2005 at a spacing of 3 x 2.2 m. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of climate conditions on the growth of eight cultivars of small kiwi fruit and to evaluate their usefulness for orchard culture in central Poland. After three years of growth in different climate conditions, including one of the coldest winters (2005/06) during the last years, and also severe late spring frosts (2007), some conclusion can be drawn. Two cultivars of Actinidia kolomikta have shown quite good resistance to winter and spring frosts, but the growth rate of these plants was rather slow. All the cultivars of Actinidia arguta were damaged by frost during the 2005/06 winter due to the snow-cover level, which was rather thick (24 cm). One year later all new shoots and leaves of Actinidia arguta cultivars were damaged completely by late spring frosts, which deleted flowering and fruit setting for at least one year. After three years of growth observations, the growth rate of small kiwi cultivars can be divided into three groups: fast growing with ‘Jumbo’ and ‘Genewa’; moderate growing with ‘Issai’, ‘Ken’s Red’ and ‘Weiki’ – male and female, and slow growing with A. kolomikta cultivars Dr Szymanowski and Sientiabrskaja.
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