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Environmental contamination, herbicide resistance development among weeds and health concerns due to over and misuse of synthetic herbicides has led the researchers to focus on alternative weed management strategies. Allelochemicals extracted from various plant species can act as natural weed inhibitors. In this study, allelopathic extracts from four plant species sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], mulberry (Morus alba L.), barnyard grass [Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.], winter cherry [Withania somnifera (L.)] were tested for their potential to inhibit the most problematic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) weeds wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and canary grass (Phalaris minor Ritz.). Data regarding time to start germination, time to 50% germination, mean germination time, final germination percentage, germination energy, root and shoot length, number of roots, number of leaves, and seedling fresh and dry weight was recorded for both the weeds, which showed that mulberry was the most inhibitory plant species while sorghum showed least allelopathic suppression against wild oat. Mulberry extracts resulted in a complete inhibition of the wild oat germination. The allelopathic potential for different plants against wild oat was in the order: mulberry > winter cherry > barnyard grass > sorghum. Mulberry, barnyard grass and winter cherry extracts resulted in a complete inhibition of canary grass. Sorghum however exhibited least suppressive or in some cases stimulatory effects on canary grass. Plants revealing strong allelopathic potential can be utilized to derive natural herbicides for weed control.
Acta Agrobotanica
|
1995
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tom 48
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nr 1
45-51
The study on wild oat variability was carried in 1986-89y. From among plants collected on cultivated fields were separated 10 species, 4 known in Poland and 6 new. Those had different highness of plants, length of panicles, pubescens and colour of kernels, callus pubescens and mass of 1000 grains. Avena fatua var. fatua and generally species with long callus pubescens were most numerous represented in investigated region. Species with short pubescens of callus were on the average higher, with longer panicles and bigger mass of 1000 grains.
The study on different varieties of wild oat competition in spring barley was carried in 1989 and 1990y. 10 varieties of Avena fatua in 4 densities ( 0, 16, 32, 64 plants per m2) were sown with spring barley. Each variety had different influence on the yield and elements of its structure. On the tillering the highest had varieties G and C, the lowest D. On a number of grains in a head - the highest - D, the lowest A, B, G, H, I, J and on a mass of 1000 grains the highest - F,I and the lowest - A. Beginning from the density of 16 wild oat plants, the yield of spring barley is lowering significantly. This is due to lower number of grains in the head.
Storage conditions have a strong influence on the germination of seeds of Avena fatua L, especially at variable conditions, the germination decreased. Seeds stored at a constant low temperature maintained the germination capability for 5 years. Under greenhouse conditions, seeds matured and germinated more rapidly comparing to field conditions, but individuals from these seeds were weaker and produced fewer seeds. The higher temperature in the greenhouse accelerated the development and maturing of plants. Field emergence varied depending on seed storage conditions, sample, further reproduction, and weather conditions. It was observed that individual specimens of A. fatua were able to form ripe seeds with high thousand grain mass (TGM), regardless of the occurrence of fungal diseases. The knowledge of the biology of A. fatua is very important due to its status as a restricted weed in certified seed of crop plants.
The results of leaf chlorophyll fluorescence measurements of crop oat cv. Akt and wild oat subjected to Dicuran 80 WP (a.s. chlortoluron) herbicide with two adjuvants (Adpros 85 SL, Atpolan 80 EC) are presented. Chlortoluron, as a phenyl-urea herbicide, is an inhibitor of photosynthetic electron transport in photosystem II, which can be measured by means of the special pulse PAM-210 fluorometer as ETR (electron transport rate) parameter. Dicuran 80 WP, applied alone in concentration of 0.5 mmol dm-3, caused a decrease in ETR value in the wild oat leaves, whereas it did not affect the crop oat. The adjuvants Adpros 85 SL and Atpolan 80 EC added to Dicuran amplified the action of this herbicide.
Chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, Fv/F₀ and Fvj) were used in testing wild oat (Avena fatua L.) resistance/susceptibility to fluazifop and quizalofop. Measurements of the selected fluorescence parameters were carried out at two terms: 24 and 48 hours after spraying resistant and susceptible biotypes of weeds with field doses of herbicides: Fusilade Forte 150EC and Targa Super 05EC. The obtained results indicate, that chlorophyll a fluorescence differed between resistant and susceptible biotypes. From all tested parameters Fvj is adequate for indicating wild oat resistance level to fluazifop and quizalofop.
Field experiments were conducted to determine the influence of adjuvants on fenoxaprop-P-ethyl bioefficacy against wind grass (Apera spica-venti), wild oats (Avena fatua) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli). The commercial product Puma Universal 069 EW, which contains 69 g/l of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, was applied with different adjuvants in springtime in winter barley, winter triticale, winter wheat and spring wheat. The adjuvants have improved efficacy of Puma Universal 069 EW. Mineral paraffin oil (Atpolan 80 EC) was the most effective adjuvant.
Field studies were conducted in the district Dobrzyniewo Duże. A. vulgaris appears in a similar percentage in winter cereals (52.6%) and spring cereals (47.4%). The highest share occurred in winter rye and in a mixture of oat and spring barley. The highest frequency of Avena fatua (100%) in spring cereals was stated. In winter cereals A. fatua occurred sporadically in subsequent years (0 to 20% of phytosociological evaluations). A. fatua preferred a mixture of oat and spring barley, oats and a mixture of oat with spring barley and spring wheat. To increase of participation of A. fatua affected by: the system of cultivation, rarely renewed seed, reducing mechanical and chemical treatments and technology (contributing to the spread and preservation of a significant quantity of weed seeds in cultivated fields).
The study on wild oat competition in spring triticale was carried in years 1991 and 1996. Avena fatua in all densities (0, 4, 8, 16, 32 pcs/m2) didn't influenced on elements of yield structure and other studied triticale features, only in the weather conditions of 1991 year the lowest density increased yield and mass of 1000 grains. Wild oat was pushed out by triticale during the growing season.
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