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Space weather has a close connection with the interaction of the Earth and the Sun. As equatorial country, the characteristic features of the climate of Malaysia are uniform temperature, very high humidity and copious rainfall. Malaysia has an average of temperature of 26.7 °C per year. Therefore, it is suitable to monitor the Sun. In the following work, we will emphasize the development of Sun monitoring in Malaysia. The number of observatories are increasing. A dedicated work to understand the Sun activity in radio region is a part of an initiative of the United Nations together with NASA in order to support developing countries participating in „Western Science‟ research. Realizing how important for us to monitor the space weather, therefore, we have been utilizing the new radio spectrometer, CALLISTO (Compound Low Cost Low Frequency Transportable Observatories) spectrometer. Malaysia is one of the earliest country from South- East Asia (ASEAN) that involve this research. One of the advantages to start the solar monitoring in Malaysia is because our strategic location as equator country that makes possible to observing a Sun for 12 hours daily throughout a year. We strongly believe that Malaysia as one of contributor of solar activity data through E-CALLISTO network. This is a very good start for developing a space weather in Malaysia. With the implementation of CALLISTO systems and development of solar monitoring network, a new wavelength regime is becoming available for solar radio astronomy. Overall, this article presents an overview of space weather in Malaysia. With the present level of the international collaboration, it is believed that the potential involvement of local and international scientist in space weather will increase.
Although weather-induced mass mortalities of wild ungulates have been reported, no study has quantified how these episodes may affect the survival of prime-aged adults. Long-term studies of marked ungulates have instead consistently found very weak or no effects of weather on the survival of this age class, particularly for females. We report on the effects of the exceptionally snowy winter of 2008–2009 on three populations of chamois in the western Alps: two in Italy, one in France. In the Alpi Marittime Natural Park in Italy, mortality of prime-aged females (aged 2–9 years) was 43%, about five times higher than reported by previous studies of chamois. Just across the continental divide in the adjacent Mercantour National Park (PNM) in France, however, prime-aged female mortality was only 6%. Senescent females suffered very high mortality in both populations (100% and 56%). In the Gran Paradiso National Park in Italy and in the Alpi Marittime Natural Park, adult male mortality rate was respectively of 81% and 44%, whereas in the PNM, it was only 10%. A recent reduction in population density in the French population, or lower absolute snowfall than in Italy, may explain the difference in survival. Survival of males and prime-aged females can be affected by exceptional weather events, possibly in combination with high population density. Adult chamois of both sexes appeared to show elevated mortality in response to harsh winter conditions. Our results underline the importance of considering sex and age classes in evaluating the impacts of population density in wild ungulates.
The main aim of this work was to determine the changes of meteorological conditions in Poznań, Poland, in the period 1848-2009. The onset of the analyzed period coincides with the launch of conducting instrumental meteorological measurements in Poznań. Professor Smosarski’s analyses and data were taken into account for the examination of the period 1848-1922, while data from NOAA and the Meteorological Yearbooks were applied for the years 1960-2009. It has been concluded that the mean annual temperature for the period 1848-1922 was 0.9°C lower than for 1960-2009, while for 2000-09 it was as much as 1.9ºC higher. It also has been established that a period without ground frost incidences was prolonged and the frost season shortened. Koeppen’s criterion was used to determine the frequency of the conditions leading to landscape stepping.
The main aim of the article is to present the climatology of the peak wind gust frequency in Poland caused by the impact of both atmospheric circulation and the presence of thunderstorm clouds. Nine meteorological stations for the measurement period of 2001-2015 were taken into account. Only SYNOP reports with a peak wind gust higher or equal to 15 m s-1 in thunderstorm and non-thunderstorm days are considered in this study. The results indicate that the highest threat in terms of frequency and strength of peak wind gusts due to convection occurs in July. In winter, thunderstorms are rare, but if they occur, about 80% of them produce wind gusts exceeding a threshold of 15 m s-1. Peak wind gusts in a non-thunderstorm days are the highest and the most frequent in January, and are at a minimum during summer. Comparing both types, peak wind gusts during days with a thunderstorm were on average stronger than those without an involved convection. This indicated that convection was an important factor in enhancing the strength of a wind gust. The highest value in our base was 34 m s-1, recorded in Kraków on 8th July 2015 within the occurrence of a severe thunderstorm, while the highest value in a day without a thunderstorm was 33 m s-1, recorded in Łódź on 31st January 2002.
This paper describes the weather conditions on the NE coast of Sørkappland (South Spitsbergen) during August 2005, and considers them in the context of the general synoptic situation over the North Atlantic. A comparison of local climates features for the East and West coast of southern Spitsbergen shows that the general atmospheric circulation and direct solar radiation in summer are the decisive factors affecting weather on the East coast. Foehn effects were observed during the study period. In the East, these were triggered by the westerly cyclonic situation and, in the West, by the easterly. The differences in the intensity of foehn effects may be explained by a specific relief of the Sørkappland peninsula.
Results of a four-year, mark-recapture study of a high-density population of Sorex araneus Linnaeus, 1758 inhabiting grassland are reported. The population showed regular cycles of abundance between seasons and differences between years. Captures were not related to ambient temperature or rainfall, and population numbers showed no consistent correlation with winter weather conditions. Immigration and dispersal occurred throughout the year but were lowest in winter. Fifty-five percent of males and 35% of females in the breeding population were immigrants. Shrews underwent an autumn-winter weight loss of 12-19% but there was no evidence that weather conditions affected seasonal or annual patterns of weight change. There were no significant differences in body mass between resident and transient (and dispersing) young or between resident and immigrant adults. Weather conditions affected neither monthly survival, nor annual winter mortality rate which was 21-48%. Onset of sexual maturity was not affected by time of birth, but early-born cohorts had better survival rates at all stages than did late-born cohorts. There were significant differences in survival between cohorts born in different years but these were not correlated with weather conditions or population density.
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