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Recently lack of sustainable management for the reservoir watershed becomes a predicament for the water issues in Taiwan. The study tried to recognize the framework of the sustainable management of the Taiwan reservoir watershed and its key factors by using the analytic hierarchy process and the Delphi method. Through the identification questionnaires and the CVM (contingent valuation method), it also discussed the gap of expert and public for the identification of satisfaction, environmental protection and the potential value for the recent reservoir watershed. However, the results showed that the “natural stability” is the significant factor in the first level and the “Nature resources conservation” and “Water storage amount” are the most important factors for the detailed level. In addition, the expert opinions were not proved by public identification, and the present governance budgets are too low to respond to the potential values of public expectancy.
This study was initiated to achieve the specific objectives as identification of factors that affect market participation decision of households and identification of factors that determine the volume of market supply of pepper. In order to acquire the relevant data, formal and informal methods of data collection were accomplished. To differentiate factors affecting the market participation and the amount of pepper sold, the Heckman Two-Stage econometric model was employed. The result revealed that market participation decision of households and amount of pepper sold were significantly affected by many of the variables hypothesized to have impact on the explained variable. In order to settle price fluctuations and to strengthen the bargaining power of producers, there should be product grading for market standardization. Furthermore, market competitiveness, structure and efficiency can be improved through facilitating pepper market strategies training as it helps producers and other interested bodies better involve in the commodity market.
In strongly eroded terrains, a considerable part of agricultural roads are transformed into ravines, as a result of their inappropriate location in the terrain relief. Hence the arrangement and hardening of rural roads remains an essential component of formation of arable areas on eroded terrains. Correct derivation of the roads, which need the protective measures or even re-projecting improves the state of the road network in economically effective way, as it allocates the available resources to the most threatened areas. The article presents a study on the actual state of the net of rural roads on loess upland terrain of Mielnica watershed. The analysis, performed on digital spatial data within GIS software, revealed considerable needs for improvements of rural roads on investigated area. Basing on the results, the map of improvement measures has been developed, presenting a spatial base for a decision support system for future land improvements and allocation of economical resources for the management of rural surface communication network in rural-environmental plans.
In the ecologically sensitive Himalayan region, land transformations and utilization of natural resources have modified water flow patterns. To ascertain future sustainable water supply it is necessary to predict water flow from the watersheds as affected by rainfall and morphological parameters. Although such predictions may be made using available process-based models, in mountainous and hilly areas it is extremely difficult to determine the numerous parameters needed to run such models, thus limiting their applicability. Artificial intelligence (AI) based models are a possible alternative in such circumstances. In this study an AI technique, support vector machines (SVM), was used for modeling the rainfall-runoff relationship from three hilly watersheds in the state of Uttaranchal, India. Different SVM models were developed to predict direct runoff, base flow, and total flow based on the daily rainfall, runoff, and morphological parameters collected from each watershed. The results confirm the potential of SVM models in the prediction of runoff, base flow, and total flow in hilly areas.
The proper prediction of temporal and spatial variation of sediment yield from the watershed is a need for sediment control, river engineering and soil and water conservation studies. The present study was therefore planned to simulate the sediment graphs for Chehelgazi watershed in Gheshlagh dam upstream in Kurdistan Province, Iran, by using Time-Area Method. Towards this attempt, the study watershed was divided into 7 time-area segments based on the time of concentration. The soil erosion in each segment was estimated using the USLE and then routed to the main outlet using sediment delivery ratio as a function of land slope in two adjacent time-areas. The temporal variation of sediment was ultimately predicted with the help of lag time of sediment arrival to the outlet and the concept of superposition for 11 storm events, which occurred during winter 2006 and spring 2007. The comparison between estimated sediment graphs with corresponding observed ones verifi ed the weak capability of the model in simulation of sediment graphs under consideration. The results also verifi ed the calibration necessity of the model to achieve appropriate estimation for important components of the sediment graphs. The results of the calibration fi nally proved the considerable capability of the model in predicting of total volume of sediment yield with respective estimation and verifi cation errors of 30.93 and 33.40%.
Ecotourism is widely accepted as the most effective type of sustainable development. For monitoring ecotourism sustainability in the Northern forest of Iran, a study was designed to help identifying criteria and indicators (C&I) with the principle goal to ensure the objectives of forest management, and at the same time – maintain processes in a sustainable manner. Indicators act as an instrument which can be used for monitoring sustainability. Hence indicators should be multidisciplinary, and cover all aspect of social, ecological, cultural, economic and institutional factors affecting sustainability of ecotourism. In this study, C&I were identified by using the Delphi approach through multidisciplinary panel team. Three rounds of meetings were held for discussions and dissemination of research to a panel of local experts. At the end of the second round we reached a consensus on 9 criteria and 61 indicators, which include 21 indicators related to ecological aspects, 8 to economic aspects, 21 to social aspects, 6 to cultural aspects and 5 to institutional aspects. The selected indicators would be applied by the Iranian Cultural, Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization for monitoring ecotourism sustainability in the Northern forest of Iran.
The work presents theoretical bases of an indicator for estimating the arrangement of rural roads in a terrain relief. The indicator bases on the comparison between azimuths of agricultural roads and terrain aspect. The physical interpretation of the indicator is meant as planar angle between the road and the theoretical line ideally perpendicular to slope. Thanks to the physical, non-expert basis of the indicator it is possible to choose arbitrary ranges and thresholds by classifying roads to perpendicular-, diagonal- and along- slope arrangement classes.
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