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In this paper especially the SWACROP/GRASS-model is described while only for comparing also a general introduction to GRAGRO - model, is given.
At present time there are materialized simultaneously two viable tasks in the area of water management in the European Union countries. The first is the realization of the tasks given in Water Framework Directive and the second one is the task of the process of evaluation and strategy of the expected inevitable climatic changes. The realization output of the first task will be presented by the water management plans which are being prepared and which are going to take into consideration influence of the climate changes on the water resources or the water balance in the catchment. On that account the balance of really measured and recorded data from the last ten years can evidently help to judge possible hydrologic cycle and balance of water management in the further decades. Taking everything this into consideration we are able to assess the role and responsibility of the participants in the balance of requirements to maintain sustainable water exploitation in the catchment areas in Slovakia in the period of time from 1995-2005.
Irrigation is one of the most important factors of surface water resources management, therefore water saving irrigation farming is desired which could promote better utilisation of the agricultural potential of Hungary. In our article we deal with the situation, problems and development possibilities of water resources management, especially with the development possibilities of irrigation farming.
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The paper presents the results of water balance calculations for the Zdworskie Lake, Poland, based on meteorological and hydrological data of 2008–2012 period. Meteorological data have come from automatic measurement station located near Łąck in a distance of about 7.5 kilometer from geometric center of the Zdworskie Lake. The station is a part of the monitoring system of The State Forests National Forest Holding. Hydrological data has been collected from five water-gauging stations located in the Wielka Struga River catchment to which belongs the Zdworskie Lake. The water-gauging stations has been established by Department of Water Engineering of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW within monitoring net constructed as a part of the Restoration Programme of the Lakes in the Łąck Commune, Płock district. Water balance calculations revealed that throughout the analyzed period the retained water amount in Zdworskie Lake should be much larger than it was actually observed. Groundwater level fluctuations observed in one of the water-gauge sections together with geological conditions in the immediate lake catchment area suggest periodic outflow of the lake water into the ground. In the years 2008–2012 the annual loss of lake water caused by the groundwater alimentation varied ranging from about 761,000 to 2,078,000 m3.
The knowledge of hydraulic conductivity in unsaturated zone K(h) has a great theoretical and practical importance for soil water balance. The existing measurement methods of that parameter are rather complicated, so increasing interest appears in alternative, calculation methods. The article presents the results of laboratory tests of hydraulic conductivity of selected samples of peat soils, by dried monoliths method, and their comparison with calculated values obtained by Van Genuchten's formula with Mualem, Burdine and Brutsaert variation.
Eastern Mediterranean water and heat balances were analysed over 52 years. The modelling uses a process-oriented approach resolving the one-dimensional equations of momentum, heat and salt conservation; turbulence is modelled using a twoequation model. The results indicate that calculated temperature and salinity follow the reanalysed data well. The water balance in the Eastern Mediterranean basin was controlled by the difference between inflows and outflows through the Sicily Channel and by net precipitation. The freshwater component displayed a negative trend over the study period, indicating increasing salinity in the basin. The heat balance was controlled by heat loss from the water surface, solar radiation into the sea and heat flow through the Sicily Channel. Both solar radiation and net heat loss displayed increasing trends, probably due to decreased total cloud cover. In addition, the heat balance indicated a net import of approximately 9 W m−2 of heat to the Eastern Mediterranean Basin from the Western Basin.
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