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A method for the experimental determination of the amount of clay dispersed from soil into water is described. The method was evaluated using soil samples from agricultural fields in 18 locations in Poland. Soil particle size distributions, contents of organic matter and exchangeable cations were measured by standard methods. Sub-samples were placed in distilled water and were subjected to four different energy inputs obtained by different numbers of inversions (end-over-end movements). The amounts of clay that dispersed into suspension were measured by light scattering (turbidimetry). An empirical equation was developed that provided an approximate fit to the experimental data for turbidity as a function of number of inversions. It is suggested that extrapolation of the fitted equation to zero inversions enables the amount of spontaneously-dispersed clay to be estimated. This method introduces the possibility of replacing the existing subjective, qualitative method of determining spontaneously-dispersed clay with a quantitative, objective method. Even though the disper-sed clay is measured under saturated conditions, soil samples retaina ‘memory’ of the water contents at which they have been stored.
The total content of chromium in natural waters does not generally exceed several mg/l. Thus, it is obvious that various forms of chromium will occur at the levels of tenths or hundredths of mg/l. Their determination requires the application of a sufficiently sensitive method, but an important role to play has its specificity in the case of chemical individuals or selectivity in regard to speciation of a group of compounds, e.g. valency states or organic chromium complexes. Generally, however, there is a lack of specific and selective methods, and the concentrations of various forms of the analyte occur often at the level of detection limits of even such sensitive techniques as atomic absorption spectrometry. This paper presents a review of currently available analytical possibilities of chromium speciation investigations in natural water samples. Analytical procedure schemes enabling "total speciation analysis" have been discussed in some detail. A large group of methods used in the speciation analysis of chromium(III) and chromium(VI), both in off-line and on-line mode, has also been discussed.
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Microbial quality of water in dental unit reservoirs

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Microbial quality of water in a dental unit is of considerable importance since patients and dental staff are regularly exposed to water and aerosol generated by the unit. Water delivered to a dental unit by the so-called independent water system is the water coming from a reservoir which, at the same time, is an initial part of dental unit waterlines (DUWL). Thus, microbiological quality of this water is extremely important for the quality of water flowing from dental handpieces. The aim of the study was to assess microbiologically the water contained in dental unit reservoirs. Water samples were collected aseptically from the water reservoirs of 19 dental units. Results concerning microbial contamination: potable water quality indices, and detection and isolation of Legionella species bacteria, were presented. Over a half of the samples did not comply with the norms for potable water. In 63.1% of the cases, the number of colony forming units (cfu/ml) and of coliform organisms significantly exceeded acceptable values. Enterococcus was not detected in the samples of examined water. Similarly, no Legionella were found in the samples of dental unit reservoirs water. Reservoirs as water supplies and initial segment of DUWL should be subject to protocol to eliminate microbial contamination and routine monitoring to guarantee an appropriate quality of water used in dental treatment.
This paper presents the results of research on the antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria inhabiting the surface microlayer (SM) and the subsurface water (SSW) of Lake Jeziorak Mały. It follows from the results that doxycycline, oxytetracycline and nalidixic acid are characterized by the strongest antibacterial effect. For some antibiotics, different strengths of the effect on bacteria isolated from the surface microlayer and subsurface water have been observed.
Hydrochemical studies were performed from May to December 2004 at four stations in the polymictic, polyhumic Siemianówka Dam Reservoir (SDR) located on the upper Narew River in northeastern Poland. The total manganese (TMn) concentrations in the reservoir waters varied from 118 μg/dm3 to 638 μg/dm3 , and their increased values are caused by forming complexes with organic matter present in waters flowing from wetlands and forests. Until the moment when the maximum manganese concentration occurred in the reservoir, its upper part was characterized by the higher manganese concentration than the lower part. A long retention time of water delays the occurrence of total manganese maximum in the lower part in SDR. Maximal TMn concentrations were noted in the lower part of the reservoir in the end of summer, while minimal for the upper part in winter. The organic dissolved manganese fractions (ODMn), were the largest part of TMn, slightly less was the particular manganese (PMn) fraction, and the smallest part constituted the reactive dissolved manganese fraction (RDMn). Low concentrations of reactive manganese in winter are due to a low pH value and low concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOC). Manganese sorption on colloids increases in summer and is accompanied by a pH increase during an intensive photosynthesis of algae and cyanoprocaryota.
River-lake systems comprise chains of lakes connected by rivers and streams that flow into and out of them. The contact zone between a lake and a river can act as a barrier, where inflowing matter is accumulated and transformed. Magnesium and calcium are natural components of surface water, and their concentrations can be shaped by various factors, mostly the geological structure of a catchment area, soil class and type, plant cover, weather conditions (precipitation- evaporation, seasonal variations), land relief, type and intensity of water supply (surface runoffs and groundwater inflows), etc. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of a river-lake system on magnesium and calcium concentrations in surface water (inflows, lake, outflow) and their accumulation in bottom deposits. The study was performed between March 2011 and May 2014 in a river-lake system comprising Lake Symsar with inflows, lying in the Olsztyn Lakeland region. The study revealed that calcium and magnesium were retained in the water column and the bottom deposits of the lake at 12.75 t Mg year-1 and 1.97 t Ca year-1. On average, 12.7±1.2 g of calcium and 1.77±0.9 g of magnesium accumulated in 1 kg of bottom deposits in Lake Symsar. The river-lake system, which received pollutants from an agricultural catchment, influenced the Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations in the water and the bottom deposits of Lake Symsar. The Tolknicka Struga drainage canal, to which incompletely treated municipal wastewater was discharged, also affected Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels, thus indicating the significant influence of anthropogenic factors.
According to the statistical data, there is being observed a definite increase in percentage of children affected by posture defects, particularly scolioses. The aquatic environment facilitates treatment of scolioses, since it provides relief conditions used in order to perform prophylactic, corrective and therapeutic tasks. Hydrokinetic therapy is one of the many rehabilitation methods. It seems, however, that corrective and therapeutic swimming is far too rarely used as an auxiliary measure for treatment of scolioses. This paper presents the concept of treatment of scolioses employing asymmetrical exercises in aquatic environment, the author of which in Poland is Iwanowski. In the study desk research of literature studies was applied along with the analysis of publications, including available study reports, articles, documents and also own video and photographic materials. The author suggests the concept of conservative treatment of scolioses through the application of asymmetrical swimming exercises in aquatic environment. Such procedure is efficient in preventing significant spinal deformations, which may protect against surgical intervention.
This article investigates factors influencing knowledge of renewable energy types among 200 residents of 13 villages in Lubelskie province using survey data collected in 2013. Survey summary responses indicate that solar and wind energy were best known and biofuels the least known among five energy types considered in the questionnaire. Factors associated with varying degrees of renewable energy sources were identified using the multivariate ordered probit approach. The largest change in probability that a respondent’s self-assessed knowledge level fell into a specific category was associated with being a farmer, viewing the subject matter of the survey as important, having high income, being from a large household and, being married.
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