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We present the results of investigations of microorganisms present in aerosol emitted by selected devices of two mechanical-biological wastewater treatment plants (“Debogorze” and “Gdańsk-Wschód”). In 2002, 5 series of measurements were conducted at each of the plants. The samples of air were collected by means of sedimentation method (PN-89/Z-04008/08) and by means of filtration method, using an air sampler produced by Merck. Apart from measurements of microbiological analyses, consisting of determinations of the total number of psychrophillic and mezophillic bacteria, manitol-positive and manitol-negative staphylococcus, hemolysing staphylococcus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, coliform bacteria and the number of spores of phycomycetes, weather conditions were also monitored. The most numerous microorganisms in the monitored air were psychrophillic bacteria and spores of phycomycetes. The number of psychrophillic bacteria varied in the wide range from 14 to 5255 CFU/m3, the number of mezophillic bacteria changed from 1 to 1324 CFU/m3, the number of staphylococcus – from 1 to 150 CFU/m3, the numbers of Pseudomonas fluorescens and the coliforms varied from a few to 50 CFU/m3 and the spores of phycomycetes varied from a few to 5,250 CFU/m3 of air (collected by means of Merck air sampler). It was found out that in both plants the main sources of microorganisms were sludge recirculation chambers and sand traps. The air around aeration chambers of activated sludge contained similar numbers of microorganisms as the background. It was proved that the sampling method is of critical effect on measurement results. The number of microorganisms detected in the samples collected by means of sedimentation method was by one order of magnitude higher than in the samples collected by means of filtration method (using air sampler), allowing for strict control of the filtered air volume.
Fractionation of sewage sludge colloids has been achieved using the split-flow-thin (SPLITT) fractionation technique. It reveals that the majority of organic carbon as well as heavy metals is carried by particles smaller than 1 μm. Optimization of volumetric flowrates and application of full-feed depletion mode of SPLITT fractionation allows concentrating the smallest colloids. Additionally, HPLC and ¹³C NMR analyses has been performed to characterize the organic colloids. The ¹³C NMR spectrum confirms that smaller fraction scontained elevated contents of aliphatic, aromatic and carboxylic groups characteristic of humic compounds. HPLC analysis separates two fractions of substances and compares obtained chromatograms with separation of the humic standard.
Modification by chemical agents affected the sorption capacities of sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). We tried to characterize changes in sorption capacity of dried anaerobic sludge (DANS) after chemical modification by formaldehyde, methanol, and hydrochloric acid. Modified sludges were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, cation exchange capacity, and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) analysis. Maximum sorption capacities Qmax at pH 6.0 for Co²⁺ ions calculated from Langmuir isotherm model were 175±5 μmol/g for unmodified DANS, 170±2 μmol/g for CH₂O-modified DANS, 12±0.2 μmol/g for CH₃OH-modified DANS, and 15±0.3 μmol/g for HCl-modified DANS. Our paper established the crucial role of carboxyl functional groups against amino and hydroxyl groups in sorption process of cobalt ions.
This paper characterizes the influence of a wastewater treatment plant with activated sludge aerated by CELPOX devices on the microbiological properties of the air at the plant grounds and in the vicinity. Field studies by the sedimentation method were carried out in seven measurement series in 2001. Sampling posts were each time set with regard to the current meteorological conditions like wind speed and wind direction. Microbiological analyses were comprised of: heterotrophic bacteria at 37şC and 26şC, hemolytic bacteria at 37şC and 10şC, staphylococci mannitol-fermenting and non-fermenting, Escherichia coli, coliforms Pseudomonas, enterococci, actinomycetes, yeasts and moulds. The results indicate that generally - in accordance with the Polish Standards [1,2] the air at the plant grounds and in its vicinity was not polluted. However, few spots (mostly in some distance from the plant) were detected where a group of microorganisms was present in increased numbers which has qualified the air as polluted. Biological aerosols from the activated sludge tanks were not generated in considerable amounts, which was confirmed by the absence or small number of faecal bacteria (coliforms, enterococci), absence of mannitol-fermenting straphylococci and typical water-sewage bacteria of the Pseudomonas fluorescens. The main sources of microbiological pollution were the grit removal chamber and the secondary settlers.
The aim of our study was to determine the impact of constant magnetic field (CMF) on the effectiveness of stabilization of the excess sludge by advanced oxidation process with Fenton’s reagent. In presented study raw excess sludge from a dairy wastewater treatment plant was used. The investigations were conducted in three different technological systems in laboratory-scale stands. In the first stage the influence of chemical reagents (Fe²⁺/H₂O₂, Fe³⁺/H₂O₂) on the parameters of sewage sludge was observed. In the secondstage the importance of CMF on the final technological result in the system with static crossing on magnetic field (scCMF) and in the system with cyclical crossing on magnetic field (ccCMF) was revealed. In the third stage of the experiment the effectiveness of the system with both chemical reagents and physical elements was tested. Application of the constant magnetic field let us obtain COD reduction in supernatant and volatile solids in dry mass of sewage sludge. The importance of the physical factor was shown as low doses of chemical reagents. Similar results were achieved independently of the fact if it was tested as the improving element of advanced oxidation with scCMF or with ccCMF.
The sewage treatment plant was monitored to determine the efficiency of technologies employed to reduce microbiological threats. Every four weeks, for a year, sewage was sampled to investigate the effects of post-mechanical and post-biological treatment. Changes in Escherichia coli, D-group streptococci and Salmonella spp. number were analyzed. The reduction of the bacteria in sewage treated mechanically was not significant and did not exceed 1 log. However, a significant reduction in an average number was found. In addition, seasonal variation was found to correlate with the number of each of the selected bacteria groups.
The leaching of chemical compounds (NNO3, NNH4, Norg, PpO4 and Ptot) and trace elements (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Pb) from sewage sludge and their migration through the soil profile is the subject of this study. The column experiments were carried out under atmospheric conditions corresponding to natu­rally occurring storm events - sewage sludge amended soil was irrigated with high rates of water. The column filter media used in the laboratory tests were similar to the soils present in degraded areas: coal fly ash (FA), coarse grained sand (CGS) and medium grained sand (MGS). Sewage sludge was applied on the top of each column in the quantity corresponding to the best land reclamation practice. The data obtained in the experiments showed the dynamics of chemical compounds' leaching from the sewage sludge and their further transport through the column beds to the effluents. It was discovered that ni­trogen compounds, such as nitrate (NNO3) and ammonium (N ), as well as some heavy metals (Ni and Cd) - originating from the sewage sludge - can reach deeper than 0.8 m and cause the contamination of potential shallow aquifers.
Organic compounds in domestic wastewater have a highly differentiated composition, which depends on the source of wastewater. Detailed fractionation of organic pollutants is indispensible to determine their transformation during treatment processes. Mathematical modeling requires the division of organic compounds in wastewater into the fractions: dissolved, suspended, biodegradable, and unbiodegradable. It is possible to determine the content of fractions based on BOD₅, COD, and reaction rate coefficients. In this work, fractions of organic pollutants in wastewater, originating from small sources and treated in small treatment plants (0.66-22.00 m³/d), were identified. For comparison, fractions of organic pollutants in a medium municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of 4,000 m³/d capacity have been determined. It was found that the wastewater from small sources and households differ in composition from typical municipal sewage. They are characterized by higher contents of dissolved and suspended biodegradable fractions. A similar result was found for septic tank effluent. The high content of biodegradable compounds and relatively large reaction rate coefficients positively affect the efficiency of pollutant removal.
Activated Sludge Model No. 1 (ASM1) was used in the modeling of an activated sludge system treating effluents from an oil refinery. The measurements of the diurnal variation in wastewater flow and composition at the wastewater treatment plant inlet and outlet were carried out. The calibrated model predicting the influence of changes in the wastewater composition and the operational parameters on the effluent wastewater quality and the related operational costs is available. A calibration technique based on the heuristic method was applied. The model was used to analyze the influence of changes in wastewater flow and composition as well as different aeration systems on the process performance. The results of dynamic simulations indicate that the verified dynamic mathematical model is a useful supporting tool for optimizing operational parameter values and operational costs. The presented results are for illustration purposes only and are not intended as instructions for the operation of a wastewater treatment plant.
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