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Dwarfism is a frequently occurring congenital disorder in human and farm animals. Defects in endochondral ossification lead to disproportionate dwarfism with abnormal length of the limbs in relation to the size of the trunk. Based on observed skeleton abnormities in general, a short- and long-limbed achondroplasia can be recognized. Short-headed dwarfism often relates to the latter ACH form and comprises a number of head deformities with a characteristic craniofacial shortening. Lethal cases with severe skeleton malformations occur when ACH is inherited in the homozygous recessive mode. A number of different ACH forms were described in Dexter, Holstein Fresian, Jersey, Aberdeen Angus, Hereford, Shorthorn and Japanese brown cattle. Only in the last mentioned breed two causative mutations have been detected causing ACH phenotype in the appendicular skeleton. Extensive efforts are being made to find mutations determining achondroplasia in other cattle breeds.
Abdominal wall defects in humans include omphalocele, gastroschisis, limb-body wall complex and prune-belly syndrome. Veterinary pathology distinguishes between simple eventration (eventeratio simplex) and the hernia. The paper presents five cases of congenital fissure of the abdominal wall in newborn puppies. The affected animals belonged to different breeds: American Staffordshire Terrier, Yorkshire Terrier, Chihuahua and English Bulldog. The anomaly was recognized immediately after the puppies were born. There were two stages of the malformation confirmed in the newborns. The minor one, defined as umbilical eventration, was found in one case, while the others were classified as abdominal fissures. Local underdevelopment of the abdominal wall at the site of the eventration is occasionally observed. Cases of the greatest stage of the simple eventration, known as Schistosoma reflexum, were not found in this study. The etiology of the abnormalities remains unclear. Genetic as well as environmental factors should be taken into consideration. The prevalence of the malformation in the dog population is also unknown because of a lack of reliable information. However, it could be admitted that their frequency may be at least similar or even greater than in humans.
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