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There are instances in which it is desirable to determine the relationships between various physical attributes of fruit. For example, fruits are often graded on the basis of size and projected area, but it may be more economical to develop a machine which would grade by mass or volume. Therefore, the relationships between mass/volume (either mass or volume) and other physical attributes of fruit are needed. In this study, three Iranian local varieties of loquat fruits were selected and the various models for predicting mass/volume of loquat fruit from its dimensions, projected area and volume/mass were established. The models were divided into three classes: 1. single and multiple variable regressions of loquat fruit dimensions, 2. single and multiple variable regressions of projected areas, 3. estimating loquat fruit mass/volume based on its volume/mass. The results revealed that mass and volume modeling on the basis of intermediate diameter, on any projected area, and the meas­ured volume are the best models. Based on the results, mass and volume modeling, respectively on the basis of the actual volume and one projected area, were identified as the best models. The highest determination coefficient in all the models was ob­tained for mass modeling based on measured volume as R2 = 0.99. Finally, volume modeling from an economical standpoint was recommended as the most reliable modeling.
In prenatal and pediatric cardiovascular surgery knowledge of the various arrangements of the aortic arch and its branches as well as the normative data are essential. The variability and morphometric features of the brachiocephalic trunk in 131 human foetuses (65 male, 66 female) ranging from 15 to 34 weeks of gestation were studied by means of anatomical, digital and statistical methods. In all the foetuses examined the left aortic arches were found to have three different arrangements. In 74.05% of cases the usual pattern of the aortic arch with its three main branches were observed. A common origin of the brachiocephalic trunk and left common carotid artery occurred in 20.61% of individuals. In 5.34% of cases the left vertebral artery was an additional vessel and arose from the aortic arch between the left common carotid and subclavian arteries. No significant gender differences were found with respect to the brachiocephalic trunk (p ≥ 0.05). The developmental increase in length (r₁ = 0.78) and diameter (r₂ = 0.83) correlated with a linear function but the increase in volume in relation to age corresponded to a quadratic function (r₃ = 0.73). Our results show the largest increases in the brachiocephalic trunk according to the following parameters: the length — between the 4th and 5th, and 7th and 8th months, diameter — between the 8th and 9th months and volume — between the 4th and 5th, and 7th and 9th months of gestation (p £ 0.01). The present study constructs a normal range for the morphometric features of the foetal brachiocephalic trunk.
The objective of the work was the evaluation of the effect of distilled water and very hard water (215.04 mval)on the effectiveness of Rubigan 12 EC (fenarimol) – 0.48 dm³ ha⁻¹ and Saprol 190 EC (triforyna) – 1.6 dm³ ha⁻¹ against powdery mildew on roses. Increased volume of tank mixture applied to 1 ha caused an increased effectiveness of the treatment. The water type did not exert any significant effect on fungicide effectiveness. Practically and economically justified in the protection of roses against powdery mildew is the use of 200 dm³ of spray mixture per 1 ha.
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