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Assessment of flower visiting insects diversity as pollinators in two parks, Kolkata, India

100%

Chowdhury S., Sarkar S., Nandy A., Talapatra S. N.

International Letters of Natural Sciences

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2014

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tom 10

Insects are depends upon autotrophs and they attract by the flowers colour and shape as pollinator. This is a mutual relationship between flowers and insects. The present study aims to determine flower visiting insect diversity as pollinators in two parks as biomonitoring of automobile air pollution exposure, landscape changes and/or human interactions. The study areas were selected as per heavily-populated neighborhoods, nearby office buildings, nearby roads and continuous vehicular movements, human interactions as visitors, where fences and high levels of human disturbance are common. The study was carried out at 2 sampling stations viz (i) Elliot park and (ii) Agri-Horticulture Society. The flower species were selected viz. Helianthus annuus, Petunia sp. and Buganvilia spectabilis planting above mentioned areas because these species are more common among other species. In each flower, diversity of visiting insects were studied by qualitative and quantitative assessment. Indices were Species richness, Index of Dominance, Relative abundance, Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index and Evenness Index for insects for all selected sites were calculated using the statistical formulae. The present results clearly indicate that the flower visiting insects are very less in numbers on three flowering species and index values were decreased. This study is a preliminary assessment of flower visiting insects diversity but further researches are needed in relation to pollination efficiencies of flower visiting insects and biochemical and genetic damage study of flowers as well as air pollution load by using instruments. It was concluded that three flowering species viz. sunflower, petunia and bougainvillea are very common both the parks but insect visitors are common but present less in number, which may be due to the vehicular pollution and/or human interference and/or landscape changes due to nearby neighborhood blocks, office and residential buildings etc.

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Flowering biology and nectary structure of Melissa officinalis L.

100%

Chwil M.

Acta Agrobotanica

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2009

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tom 62

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nr 2

The present study on lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) covered flowering biology, monitoring of pollinating insects and floral nectary structure. The micromorphology of epidermal cells of the nectary was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The nectariferous tissues were observed using light microscopy based on semi-thin sections. Lemon balm flowered from the second decade of June until September. Buds opened from early morning hours until noon. Flowers lived for 24 hours, on the average. Their primary pollinator was the honey bee. The beginning of nectar secretion was found to be at the bud swell stage. The automorphic nectary forms a disc with four protrusions at the base of the nectary. Three smaller ones and one larger than the other ones were distinguished among them. No stomata were found on the lower protuberances, whereas on the highest part anomocytic stomata were present, the number of which was 15. The stomata exhibited different development stages and they were situated above other epidermal cells. In their outline, they were ellipsoidally shaped (18 x 23 μm) and they had average-sized cuticular ledges. They produced a smooth cuticle and wax granules. In cross section, the nectary tissues were composed of a singlelayered epidermis and 9 – 11 layers of the nectary parenchyma. Their thickness was 198 μm. In longitudinal section, the height of the nectary was within a range of 354 – 404 μm. The epidermal cells produced thin outer cell walls. Some of them were completely filled with strongly stained cytoplasm, whereas others showed a high degree of vacuolisation. But the nectary parenchyma cells were marked by poorly stained cytoplasm, a large nucleus and vacuolisation of varying degree.

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Ethological study of flower visiting insects in two parks, Kolkata, India

100%

Sarkar S., Nandy A., Talapatra S. N.

International Letters of Natural Sciences

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2014

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tom 12

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nr 1

Flower visiting insects attract by the flowers colour, shape, size and fragrance as pollinator. This is a mutual relationship between flowers and insects. The present study aims to know behavioural response or ethology of flower visiting insect in relation to particular flower and/or probable atmospheric changes in two managed parks, Kolkata, India. The study areas were selected as per heavily-populated neighborhoods, nearby office buildings, nearby roads and continuous vehicular movements, human interactions as visitors. The study was carried out at 2 sampling stations viz (i) Elliot park and (ii) Agri-Horticulture Society. The flower species were selected viz. Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Petunia sp. (petunia) and Buganvilia spectabilis (Buganvilia) planting above mentioned areas because these species are more common among other species. In each flower, behavioural response or ethology of visiting insects were studied by visual observation and total 10 flowers of each species were observed randomly. The present results clearly indicate that various insects were majorly showed foraging and feeding behaviour and only mating behaviour was found in two species. This study is a preliminary assessment of flower visiting insects’ ethology but further researches are needed in relation to pollination efficiencies of flower visiting insects in the particular flower and air pollution load nearby area by using instruments. It was concluded that insect visitors are showing foraging and feeding behavior but only two species were showed mating behaviour, which may be due to the vehicular air pollution because two parks are located nearby roads and continuous vehicular movements were observed.

4

Test flights of meadow communites by Apidae insects

80%

Kaczmarek Z., Kozlowski S.

Łąkarstwo w Polsce

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2011

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tom 14

The performed investigations were carried out on meadow complexes situated in the region of Wielkopolska recognised for its long traditions of meadow management and bee-keeping. The results of our investigations and observations show that permanent meadows exhibit sufficient floristic diversity to make them attractive for Apidae. However, flights of Apidae to visit meadow communities in order to collect nectar vary. The attractiveness of Cirsium oleraceum communities is evidently higher than that of Alopecurus pratensis, while communities with Trifolium repens and Taraxacum officinale occupy intermediate positions. All the above-mentioned plant communities are more attractive for Apoidae than Brassica napus cultivations. In addition, visits paid to individual species of plant communities also vary. Apoidae appear to favour in particular the following plant species: Vicia cracca, Trifolium sp., Taraxacum officinale, Cirsium sp., Leontodon autumnalis, Melilotus sp., Polygonum bistorta, Euphrasia rostkoviana and Lychnis flos-cuculi. Another advantage of permanent meadows is the presence in their sward of plants which blossom during the entire period of vegetation. Therefore, if we want to enhance meadow floristic diversity, it is necessary to introduce (by oversowing) into their communities plant species which are visited by Apidae most readily. In addition, it can be concluded on the basis of the performed experiments that the Apoidae population in our region is very poor and is limited to the following little species: Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris and B. lapidaries, B. sylvarum, B. pascuorum and Halictus sp.

Ograniczanie wyników

2 International Letters of Natural Sciences

1 Acta Agrobotanica

1 Łąkarstwo w Polsce

2 Nandy A.

2 Sarkar S.

2 Talapatra S. N.

1 Chowdhury S.

1 Chwil M.

1 Kaczmarek Z.

1 Kozlowski S.

2 2014

1 2011

1 2009

Assessment of flower visiting insects diversity as pollinators in two parks, Kolkata, India

Flowering biology and nectary structure of Melissa officinalis L.

Ethological study of flower visiting insects in two parks, Kolkata, India

Test flights of meadow communites by Apidae insects