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Blood was collected from bison that were selected between 1991 and 2001 for poor body condition, cachexia, lameness and balanoposthitis. Sera were tested for antibodies to bovine herpes virus type 1 (BHV-1), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI-3), Brucella abortus, Chlamydophila abortus, Coxiella burnetii, and Leptospira interrogans. The results of serological tests showed a prevalence of low titers of a serological reaction to Chlamydophila abortus (45.1%), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (29.5%), Leptospira interrogans (21.3%) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (13.9%). There were differences in the prevalence of antibodies to Ch. abortus between female and male bison. Futhermore, a relationship between age and antibodies to BVDV was observed in older bison. These results suggest that there is some transmission of bacterial and viral pathogens occurring between domestic and wild ruminants grazing in the same pastures in the peripherial areas of Białowieża Primeval Forest.
Over a period of few years, Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) has become one of the most important viral pathogen in tomato production worldwide. So far, five PepMV genotypes (EU, LP, CH2, US2 and US1) have been detected. A real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) procedure, using the fluorescence dye SYBR Green was developed for a rapid and reliable detection of genetically diverse Pepino mosaic virus isolates. This procedure was used for the detection and identification of PepMV in both Solanum lycopersicum and Nicotiana benthamiana species. The melting temperature (T m) for members of a particular strain was very similar, with a host effect that did not hinder strain identification. Under optimal reaction conditions, sensitivity of the detection was as low as 100 fg of viral RNA from infected plants. This level of sensitivity indicated that the real time RT-PCR developed in the present study could be used for routine plant health assays.
According to the available literature, budgerigars are the most susceptible to being infected with avian polyomavirus (APV), whereas this infection is very rare in Amazon parrots. Although the same virus is responsible for the disease, clinical symptoms in the Amazon parrot are considerably different than those observed in budgerigars. APV is transmitted primarily bird-to-bird but it is also thought to be transmitted via the egg. Many affected young amazon die, while most infected adult birds develop lethargy, poor appetite and diarrhoea, with the surviving birds developing antibodies to the virus. However, despite the common misconception, that adult birds are more resistant, the adult amazon are readily susceptible to infection, can become ill and some may die. The main clinical symptoms of APV infection in the amazon parrot include hepatomegaly, ascites and hydropericardium. Necropsy often show spleno- and hepatomegaly with irregular red and yellow mottling of the liver, while histopathological examination present pathognomomic lesions as multifocal necrosis in the liver and kidney, enlarged nuclei and enlarged amphophilic intranuclear inclusions in the liver, kidney and spleen. Procedure against APV infection in an outbreak requires vaccinating the adults and neonates to stimulate flock immunity, as well as cleaning and disinfecting the contaminated facility.
The interaction of CD28 with one of the B7 molecules (CD80 and CD86) on professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) is generally considered to be the most important co-stimulatory signal for T cell activation. Several lines of evidence suggest that dendritic cells (DC), the most potent antigen presenting cells known, play a role in the immunological control of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections. The fact that CD86 is strongly up-regulated together with other co-stimulatory molecules during DC maturation suggests that it plays an important role in induction of immune response. To determine the effect of virulence on up-regulation of CD86, we stimulated population of spleen cells enriched in dendritic cells by HSV-1 strains characterised by different pathogenicity. We analysed cells, which express CD45 molecule. HSV-1 ts, earlier described as less virulent for mice, stimulated an increased expression of co-stimulatory molecule CD86 than wild strain did.
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