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The origin of characteristic torocyte-like shape of vesicles derived from transverse tubule in triad junction of skeletal muscles is studied theoretically. Two possible mechanisms are suggested. The first is the minimization of membrane bending energy where the special intermediate molecular structures in the central region of the vesicle is assumed to protect the opposing bilayers to come in the direct contact. The second mechanism is based on the assumption that the characteristic shape of the vesicles may be explained by non-homogenous lateral distribution of anisotropic membrane components.
It has become increasingly apparent that vesicular drag delivery elicits modest possessions in drag targeting. Transfersomes are a form of elastic or deformable vesicle, which were first introduced in the early 1990s. Elasticity can be achieved by using an edge activator in the lipid bilayer stracture. Molecules greater than 500 Da normally do not cross the skin. This prevents epicutaneous delivery of the high molecular weight therapeutics as well as non-invasive trans-cutaneous immunisation. Transdermal route will always remain a lucrative area for drag delivery. With the advent of new categories of drugs like peptides this route has captured more focus to combat the problems related to their delivery through oral route. But the transdermal route is equally filled with the hopes and disappointments as the transport of drag through this route faces many problems especially for the large molecules. To answer this problem many approaches were adopted. One of the very recent approaches is the use of ultra-defonnable carrier systems (transfersomes). They have been used as drag carriers for a range of smali molecules, peptides, proteins and vaccines, both in vitro and in vivo. Transfersomes penetrate through the pores of stratum comeum which are smaller than its size and get into the underlying viable skin in intact form. This is because of its deformable nature. The aim of this article is explanation the formation of micelle and vesicles, various types of vesicles, specifically focusing on transfersomes.
Almost from the time of their rediscovery in the 60's and the demonstration of their entrapment potential, liposomal vesicles have drawn attention of researchers as potential carriers of various bioactive molecules that could be used for therapeutic applications in humans and animals. Several commercial liposome-based drugs have already been discovered, registered and introduced with great success on the pharmaceutical market. However, further studies, focusing on the elaboration of more efficient and stable amphiphile-based vesicular (or non-viral) drug carriers are still under investigation. In this review we present the achievements of our group in this field. We have discovered that natural amphiphilic dihydroxyphenols and their semisynthetic derivatives are promising additives to liposomal lipid compositions. The presence of these compounds in lipid composition enhances liposomal drug encapsulation, reduces the amount of the lipid carrier necessary for efficient entrapment of anthracycline drugs by a factor of two, stabilizes liposomal formulation of the drug (both in suspension and in a lyophilized powder), does not influence liposomal fate in the blood circulation system and benefits from other biological activities of their resorcinolic lipid modifiers.
The role of the yeast vacuole, a functional analogue of the mammalian lysosome, in the turnover of proteins and organelles has been well documented. This review pro­vides an overview of the current knowledge of vesicle mediated vacuolar transport in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Due to the conservation of the molecular transport machinery S. cerevisiae has become an important model system of vacuolar trafficking because of the facile application of genetics, molecular biology and bio­chemistry.
A range of well defined, pure, highly surface-active but non-hemolyzing fluorinated amphiphiles has recently been synthesized. Fluorocarbon chains strongly enhance the hydrophobic effect that induces the organization of amphiphiles into bilayer membranes, and supplement it with a lipophobic effect as well. This leads to an augmented tendency for fluorinated amphiphiles to selfassemble into vesicles (liposomes), tubules and other supramolecular aggregates when dispersed in water and other solvents. Fluorinated bilayers and vesicles are generally more stable and less permeant than those made from hydrocarbon analogs. The presence of a fluorinated film inside the liposomal membrane also has significant repercussions on the behavior of the liposomes in a biological milieu and on their in vivo recognition.
The effects of embedding up to 60 mol% of α-tocopherol (α-Toc) on the morphology and structure of the egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) membrane were studied using spectroscopic techniques. The resulting vesicles were subjected to turbidometric and dynamic light scattering measurements to evaluate their size distribution. The α-Toc intrinsic fluorescence and its quenching was used to estimate the tocopherol position in the membrane. Optical microscopy was used to visualize morphological changes in the vesicles during the inclusion of tocopherol into the 2 mg/ml PC membrane. The incorporation of up to 15 mol% of tocopherol molecules into PC vesicles is accompanied by a linear increase in the fluorescence intensity and the simultaneous formation of larger, multilamellar vesicles. Increasing the tocopherol concentration above 20 mol% induced structural and morphological changes leading to the disappearance of micrometer-sized vesicles and the formation of small unilamellar vesicles of size ranging from 30 to 120 nm, mixed micelles and non-lamellar structures.
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