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As part of the Pol-Monica Programme realized in 1984 the dietary habits of a population of over 5 thousand persons, aged 35-64, from a rural area (Province of Tarnobrzeg) and an urban area (Warsaw) were evaluated. A significant effect of the social environment and sex was noted on the energy and nutritional value of meals and on the consumption of products in them. In the urban environment these values were usually higher than in the rural environment; besides that a higher energy value of the daily food ration and higher amounts of basic nutrients in it were noted in the diet of males than in that of females. In relation to the RDA, the intake of fats by males, especially in the Warsaw population, exceeded greatly the suggested value, while the content of vitamin C in the diet of males and females in both populations was very low, only 30-40% of the recommended value.
Avifaunas of three large cities (Hamburg, Berlin and Warsaw) situated in the northern lowlands of Central Europe along an 850-km-long west-east line were compared. Estimates of several species' breeding populations in these cities were used to calculate their densities in the total area of breeding habitat in each city used by the species in question. The relationship of the densities of several common species was compared. Of 39 species analysed, 18 showed higher densities in Hamburg, 4 in Warsaw and 2 in Berlin. A gradient of increasing density from Warsaw to Berlin and Hamburg (Western gradient) was found for 16 species: Columba palumbus, Troglodytes troglodytes, Prunella modularis, Turdus merula, T. philomelos, T. viscivorus, Sylvia atricapilla, Phylloscopus collybita, Ph. trochilus, Regulus regulus, R. ignicapillus, Garrulus glandarius, Parus cristatus, Certhia brachydactyla, Fringilla coelebs, Pyrrhula pyrrhula. An opposite (Eastern) gradient was found for only 3 species: Columba livia f. domestica, Oriolus oriolus and Passer domesticus. Suggested causes for most of the larger differences among the three cities in the densities of particular species are the variation in the richness of vegetation (higher in both German cities) and differences in the stage of synurbization (i.e. adaptation to the urban environment) of specific avian species. In a few cases, factors such as the geographic range of a species, the attitude of humans (in the case of the Feral Pigeon), and specific, slight variations in habitat are put forward to explain the differences found.
The article presents the results of the analysis of changes of the urban population density in Central Poland in the 20th century using one of the stati­stical methods meant for the estimation of discrete distributions, the so-called kernel function, and its brief characteristics. The studies cover the period, for which comparable data has been gathered (from 1931 to 2010). The results of the studies have been presented in a textual form and on 9 drawings, showcasing the changes of the population density in Central Poland in the analyzed period.
The differences in morphology and age between single and paired males of an urban population of the European Blackbirds (Turdus merula) were studied in Żeromski park in the city of Szczecin (NW Poland) spanning 11 breeding seasons since 1998. The proportion of single to paired males in different age groups was established. Also, morphology features like the length of tail, wing and tarsus of 45 single males and 475 paired males were collected. We found that old males (after second year of life) formed pair bonds more often than the young males (in their second year of life). The probability of being a paired male in case of young males increased along with the tarsus length.
Nest site selection in the Blackbird was investigated in two urban parks in Szczecin from 1997 to 2003. The age structure of the tree stands, the area of shrub coverage and the number of predators (apart from squirrels) were similar in both parks. 95% of the nests discovered at the beginning of the breeding season were found again in June and July. Any increase in the heights of the nest sites in successive periods of the breeding season and any changes in the type of vegetation selected for nest construction were recorded. In April, Blackbirds most often used coniferous trees. At the start of the season, when deciduous plants began sprouting leaves, Blackbirds preferred those whose leaves appeared earlier. But later in the season, no difference was found between the numbers of nests in trees developing their crowns earlier or later. The shorter period of nest use in conifers is probably due to their selective penetration by corvids. The selective penetration of such trees by predators probably reduces the frequency of nest building in them between the first (pentads 1-3) and second (pentads 4-6) period of the breeding season, despite the fact that they provide better concealment for nests. The selection of nest sites by the Blackbirds in this study confirms both the predator-pressure and the nest-concealment hypotheses.
The dietary habits were assessed in a population of over five thousand persons aged 35 to 64 years living in an urban area (Warsaw) and an agricultural-industrial area (Province of Tarnobrzeg). The differences in the dietary habits of these populations were related to the frequency of meals, their nutritional value and the assortment of food products. In Warsaw, as compared to the Tarnobrzeg area, four meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner and supper) were taken more frequently. In the rural population lunch was taken by only 20—30% of the individuals, while in both populations and in both sex groups over 90% ate dinner. The analysis of the assortment of food products in the daily food ration showed its limitation. Meat and processed pork were more frequent in the urban diet, milk and eggs in the rural diet. Despite this monotonous diet and absent habit of regular taking of meals 85—90% of the population during the study had adequate diets without drastic abnormalities.
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