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Regulatory planning, protecting the spatial order, which developed in the period of urbanization and industrialization, has become insufficient for planning contemporary development of cities. Systems of land use planning in the Western Europe countries grew wider by adopting off-statute (unofficial) integrated planning, enabling actions aimed at qualitative development of the city. In the article, systems of the integrated planning of development and revitalisation of cities in Germany, France and Great Britain were reviewed as well as the EU actions for integrated planning were shown. The existing system of planning development and spatial management in Poland and the problems with the integrated planning and programming of the development and revitalisation of cities were characterised. Conclusions were expressed in relation with drawing up an integrated strategy of the development of cities and integrated operational programmes resulting from it. In the EU countries being analysed, integrated plans of development and revitalisation of cities are included in relevant legal articles as an element of a planning system. However, their contents and form are not specified by law. Issues related to development plans are established in accordance with the needs of a given area and a planning process is widely socialised which enables it to reach an agreement with respect to solving the most important problems in selected critical area and makes it easy to establish partnerships of different kind which is essential for the completion of planned actions. General objectives, written in legal articles, refer both to the general plans of spatial planning, and the integrated development plans and they concern sustainable development of a territorial unit. Integrated plans of development and revitalisation of cities are long-term action plans, generally of complex character. They often have a form of strategic plans. The completion of agreed actions is guaranteed by arrangements which are included in the land use plans. Cities/communes conduct a policy of socio-economic and spatial development as based on an integrated development concept, which is drawn up as a part of off-statue planning, but agreed upon with a local community and being in conformity with the purpose which is sustainable development. Development plans are to be made more detailed in operational programmes (which are a set of projects), related to problem (critical) areas. They are implemented due to an integrated action of organizational units of municipal/commune offices. They are connected both with national and Union programmes, supporting financially local development. An integrated approach to the planning of development of cities is recommended by the Leipzig Charter on Sustainable European Cities of 2007. Well-tried, in practice by the countries „old" EU, integrated plans and programmes of development should be used in the strategic management of cities in Poland. The function of an integrated plan of development and revitalisation of a city/commune can be performed in Poland by a development strategy document which is included both in a system of spatial planning (according to the Act on Planning and Spatial Planning) and in a system of socio-economic planning (according to the Act on Conducting the Development Policy). However, integration of both systems is essential which will consist in defining the role of both the objectives of individual plans and programmes and their mutual connection within and among the individual levels of planning and management. Also, the terminology used so far requires unification with respect to various planning documents. Existing legal documents should be adapted to the standards of the European policy of development of cities which was done by the „old" countries the EU. One should think whether integrated plans and development programmes should be documents to be drawn up compulsorily or optionally in Poland. An integrated development strategy of a city/commune should be a long-term, comprehensive plan of action of the local government, taking into account all aspects of the development of the city (social, economic, ecological, spatial-urban) in their interrelations. A process of planning, conducted by an interdisciplinary team of specialists (with the participation of architects - urban planners), should be widely socialised for the purpose of: - reaching an agreement with respect to solving major problems in selected areas; - establishing partnership between public and private entities; - identifying and using synergy effects of actions planned. An integrated strategy should be drawn up in advance with respect to the study of conditions and trends of spatial development (of a general spatial development plan /plan of a structure). Its arrangements should be taken into account in „the study" (a general/ structure plan) and entered into a local plan which, as a generally applicable legal document, will guarantee the completion of activities planned. Operational programmes, resulting from the integrated development strategy of a city/commune, will have a character of integrated programmes (among others, operational programmes required at present by the EC: local development, revitalisation of cities and development of public transport in urbanized areas). Their implementation will guarantee that the strategic goals set will be achieved.
Urban growth is a prevalent challenge in many countries as it causes unexpected changes in land-uses of surrounding areas of cities and endangers the environment and natural resources. Thus, spatial planners and environmental managers always look for the models that simulate the expansion of urban land-use, and enable them to prevent unbalanced expansion of cities, and guide the developments to the desired areas. Several methods have been devised to simulate the dynamics of land-use development. However, the complexity of urban growth is recognized as a major barrier for such simulation methods. Agent-based models as a dynamic bottom-up approach use the real actors of land-use development as their basic components. Thus, such models have found popularity in simulating land-use development and urban sprawl modeling. This paper introduces a new agent-based model used for simulating urban land-use development in our study area located in Qazvin province, Iran. The orchards that encompass the western, eastern, and southern sides of Qazvin city are the most sensitive zones in the study area. The model uses 2005 data for the purpose of calibration and 2010 data for the goal of evaluation. A Kappa accuracy of 82.78% was finally achieved for the predication of the observed developments. Also, three zones of residential developments around Qazvin city were found to be endangered. Orchards located on the eastern side of Qazvin city are exposed to destruction and conversion into urban areas. The calibrated model can also be used as a useful tool for predicting future land-use developments and for recognizing endangered environmental zones.
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Curbing the menace of building collapse in Nigeria

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Marcus Vitruvious polio, the Roman writer, Architect and Engineer, was famous for asserting in his book De Architectura that a structure must exhibit the three qualities of firmitas, utilitas and venustas – that is, it must be strong or durable, useful and beautiful. Hugo Alvar Aalto the Finnish Architect and designer, argued that the responsible designer/Architect must “do no harm” on the end users of such a building nor provide environments unsuitable for their use. Part of the federal Government of Nigeria’s transformation agenda is the provision of quality and affordable infrastructure through Housing and Urban Development. But the spate of collapsed buildings in the country has reached an alarming rate. The incessant cases are enough reasons to declare a state of emergency in the construction industry. A building collapse could be a total or partial failure of one or more components of a building leading to the inability of the building to perform its principle function of safety and stability. In an attempt to find a solution to this menace, this paper therefore tries to examine some of the major causes of building collapse and tries to proffer remedial measures that may curb its devastating effects. The paper also briefly outlines its implications on real estate investment and also briefly tries to advice on procedures for rescuing people from collapsed buildings.
Subject and purpose of work: The paper presents an analysis of investment activity in Biała Podlaska in 2008-2015 and evaluation of this activity by the local community. Main directions of investments, including funds from the European Union have been presented. Materials and methods: The paper has been prepared on the basis of the literature, programming documents of the city and own research based on the sample of 100 residents. Descriptive method, statistical analysis and graphical presentation of the results of research have been used. Results: The paper has confirmed that investments are a key factor in the development of every city and the use of this factor by means of the inflow of funds from the outside depends on the attractiveness of the city and the surrounding region and activity of the municipalities. The city of Biała Podlaska has undergone a deep restructuring and changed in the functional structure. Investments have been integrated into strategic and operational development objectives of the city. The level of investment in Biała Podlaska puts the city at the forefront of towns in the Lublin region and ensures stability of development. Conclusions: The research has confirmed the role of investments in urban development and the role of European funds in the investment process. In addition to the cognitive results the research has revealed the need to develop marketing activities and coordination, providing the possibility of better use of resources and geographical position to re-industrialization of the economy. The support of local authorities is needed to develop academic, industrial, transportation and logistics functions.
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