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Studies on the population dynamics of aphids Cinara juniperi De Geer on the shrubs of Juniperus communis L. in the urban conditions of Lublin were conducted in the years 2002–2004 in two types of sites: a street one and a park one. The first individuals of this species were most frequently observed at the turn of April and May, while the maximum population was found in the first half of May. The course of the weather conditions affected the population dynamics of aphids. Those insects were observed in much bigger numbers on the shrubs growing in the street site. The preying of C. juniperi caused browning and drying out of the needles and inhibition of the stem growth, which had an influence on lower decorative character of the examined plants.
Differences between 13 common reed (Phragmites australis) populations, growing in urban conditions within the town of Poznań (western Poland), are described by 8 morphological traits of panicles' variability and the frequency of peroxidase (dimeric and monomeric) allozymes. Values of morphological characters were processed statistically using agglomerative clustering by the closest neighbours (UPGMA) method based on Euclidean distances. Proteins were separated in the starch gel electrophoretic procedure, showing cathodic migration. Populations are polymorphic and have a certain level of heterozygosity. The level of populations' diversity (DST = 0.097) is lower than the intra-population variability (GST = 0.187). The gene flow between populations is rather low (Nm = 1.090).
Szczecin harbours Poland’s largest London plane tree population. The London plane trees growing in Szczecin’s Żeromski Park were subjected to dendroclimatological research (analyses of signature years and response function). The study was based on a composite site chronology, signed ZER, spanning 105 years (1900–2004); the mean annual tree ring growth was 2.59 mm. Precipitation, particularly that in late winter- early spring and in the summer months was found to be a factor decisive for the tree’s cambial activity. A high sum of precipitation during the periods mentioned induced positive growth responses in the trees. Thermal conditions during the growth period proved to be another factor controlling the annual tree ring growth, as shown by linear relationships. The tree ring growth-climate relationships in the population under study as well as the between-parks differences in the London plane tree response can be explained by differences in habitat conditions. The trees under study grow in the vicinity of a busy, frequently repaired street and are surrounded by pavement and/or hardened road surface, which greatly limits the infiltration of moisture supplied by precipitation.
The effect of the new growth stimulator with the cytokinin nature Ivin was investigated at the parameters of growth, blooming and chlorophyll concentration of the leaves of Callistephus chinensis (L.) Ness. plants. The researched plants grow under the impact of industrial and exhaust fumes. The intensification of the growth processes of the treatment plants in comparison with untreated was established. The processed specimens enhance height, the number of side shoots, quantity of the leaves and their area as well as the area of the total assimilation plants surface with increasing of the vegetative mass of the plants accordingly. At the same time, the number of inflorescences and their average diameter increase. There was no significant difference in essential influence of the biostimulant upon the plants of Callistephus chinensis between breeds “Viktoria Sharlachovaya” and “Strausovo pero Rubinovaya” with the exception of some variables (total assimilation surface). The concentration of chlorophyll in leaves of Callistephus chinensis plants increases under spraying by Ivin. The rising occurs originally after spraying seedlings due to chlorophyll, after the third treatment (flower-bud formation) – due to both forms of chlorophylls was established, as well as the breed specific reaction of plants was determined. The novelty of this work consists in the investigation of the influencing the growth stimulator on the development of the ornamental flower plants in the conditions of environmental pollution. The treatment of this preparation is appropriate for stimulation of growth and intensity of bloom of the ornamental flower plants of urban territories.
In the years 2003–2005 studies were conducted in the area of Lublin the aim of which was to study the population dynamics of aphids colonizing the trees of Juglans regia L. in the street and the park sites against the course of weather conditions. The weather in spring probably had no effect on the date of hatching of the larva of fundatrix, which was usually observed in the third 10-days’ period of May. On the other hand, the dry period, heat waves (above 30°C) and stormy rainfalls affected the break in the aphid population observed in July and August. The maximum population of P. juglandis was found in the second 10-days’ period of June, while that of Ch. juglandicola – at he turn of June and July. The highest number of P. juglandis was observed in 2004, while that of Ch. juglandicola in 2003. In 2003 the dominating species in both sites was Ch. juglandicola, while in the other years of studies it was P. juglandis.
Data were collected in a medium-sized town. During five years 342 nests were found. The densities of breeding pairs varied over this period between 4.5 and 5.9 p/10 ha. The distribution of breeding pairs was uneven throughout the study area. The preferred nest sites were the roadside trees, where 88.9% of the nests were built. The mean onset of egg-laying was 22 April (range 19-26 April). There was a tendency to start breeding earlier in warmer springs. The mean clutch size was 5.07 ± 0.74. There was a positive correlation between clutch size and the date of egg-laying. These data suggest that there was a compromise between the tendency towards earlier breeding and clutch size. In the study area the Greenfinch is a double-brooded species. Unlike other studies it was noted that the average clutch size increased in the second half of the breeding season. The maximum clutch size coincides with the second or replacement clutches. Hatching, fledging and breeding success were lowest when clutch sizes were largest. The nesting success estimated with the Mayfield and the "traditional" method was approximately similar (0.40 and 0.44 respectively). Cats and mustelids were probably the cause of most breeding failures. Corvids were not responsible for nesting failures.
Celem niniejszej pracy jest usystematyzowanie wiedzy na temat czynników przyrodniczych oddziałujących na projektowane środowiska mieszkaniowe we współczesnych przestrzeniach zurbanizowanych. W pracy omówiono czynniki przyrodnicze: klimat i jego zmiany, istniejącą roślinność, wody powierzchniowe oraz rzeźbę terenu. Wpływ przedstawionych czynników na jakość projektowania architektonicznego zilustrowano przykładami współczesnych realizacji zabudowy mieszkaniowej. Skonfrontowanie wiedzy teoretycznej z praktyką projektową pozwoliło na otrzymanie pogłębionych analiz. Przeprowadzone badania niereaktywne (analiza treści i metoda desk research) dowodzą, że znaczący wpływ na jakość projektowanego budynku mieszkalnego mają czynniki przyrodnicze. Uwzględnienie tych czynników podczas projektowania środowiska mieszkaniowego może znacząco poprawić jakość życia jego użytkowników.
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