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Wspolczesne poglady na pielegnacje gleby w sadach

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This paper summarises the results of research conducted recently on soil management methods in orchards, including mulches, non-conventional methods and others. The results of some experiments carried out on this subject in different countries are reviewed.
A three-year research study (2000–2002) was carried out in a young apple orchard originally founded on typical podzolic soil in 1997. The following methods for treating the soil among the rows of trees were considered: herbicide fallow maintained with glifosat; mulching with black polyethylene foil; mulching with a layer of wheat straw with a thickness of about 15 cm and mechanical fallow maintained by means of mechanical hoeing. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of the various methods applied in treating the soil in the young apple orchard on the content of the mineral nitrogen forms, i.e. N-NH₄⁺ and N-NO₃⁻ within the soil various methods of soil treatment applied in the young apple orchard on the content of mineral nitrogen forms, i.e. N-NH₄⁺ and N-NO₃⁻ in the soil. It was shown that the method of treating the soil was a decisive factor in influencing the content of the mineral nitrogen forms in the soil. The soil maintained as herbicidal or mechanical fallow contained significantly more N-NH₄⁺ and N-NO₃⁻ than did the soil covered with the mulch. The biochemical reactions catalysed by enzymes were, to a high extent, decisive for the content of the mineral nitrogen forms in the soil.
The studies were conducted in 28 years' old apple orchard in Łyczyn, situated on the lessives soil developed from light boulder clay. The influence of liming and nitrogen fertilization on applied the strips of fallow and grass, pH of the soil, content of organic carbon, carbon of humic acids and fulvic acids and carbon of humins was examined. Three levels of nitrogen fertilization were used: 40,140 and 240 kg N/ha, while the nonfertilized fields was the control. The soil samples for the studies were taken with use of Egner rod of 0-20 cm layer. The effect of the studied agrotechnical factors was different in the strips of grass and fallow land. Nitrogen fertilization and liming of the fallow land had influenced the content of carbon and also carbon of humins. In the case of the grassland, nitrogen fertilization and liming was favourable for accumulation of humic acids. The increasing doses of nitrogen fertilization caused the drop in pH of the soil, being especially high on the non-limed fallow land. The content of carbon of fulvic acids was affected mainly by the method of cultivation and nitrogen fertilization. In the soil under the fallow land, the content of carbon of fulvic acids was, in average, higher by 22.5%, as compared to that one under the grass.
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