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This article gives an overview the impact hydroelectric power facilities on ichthyofauna and river ecosystems. Issues addressed include the destruction of fish by grates and turbines; disturbances in the hydrological regime of rivers; changes in the water physicochemical regime resulting from damming; the muddying of spawning and feeding grounds. Suggestions are made for counteracting these disadvantageous transformations. This is achieved by equipping hydroelectric facilities with appropriate safety devices that lead fish away from the facility to a secure place where they can swim safely downstream, and also eliminate sharp fluctuations in water level that can occur below dams. It was determined that none of the existing methods eliminate ichthyofauna losses. It is recommended to combine several protection methods such as grates and electric barriers. Due to the negative impact hydroelectric plants have on the ichthyofauna, it is essential that the energy consumers participate in the costs of fish stocking to compensate for losses.
The rate of losses resulting from fish (rainbow trout of a total length of 12-23 cm, the same size as sea trout smolts) passing through turbines was estimated. The fish were provided with 3x4 cm Styrofoam floats tied to their backs under the dorsal fin. The tagged fish were immersed in covered buckets into the inlet of the turbine canal before switching on the turbines. The bucket lids were removed by a special line, and the fish were drawn into the turbine canal with the water flow. After passing through the canal, the fish, which had a limited area to move in at a greater depth and were easily identified due to the styrofoam floats, were recaptured manually with nets from boats. Fish losses at the hydroelectric power plants situated on Pomeranian rivers ranged from 0.0 to 60% and depended on the differences between water levels upstream and downstream from the hydroelectric power plants and on the turbine's rotation speed per minute.
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