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The authors retrospectively reviewed the cytological slides of 44 histopathologically confirmed fibroepithelial lesions of the breast, of which 11 were fibroadenoma (FA), 19 benign phyllodes tumours (PTLGM), 8 borderline (PTBM) and 6 malignant (PTHGM). The 2 FA misdiagnosed as PTLGM in cytological smears were both of cellular type. NORS were quantified in a series of the above cases using the silver-colloid method. Expression of Ki-67 and PCNA were evaluated by immunohistochemistry on sections from the corresponding paraffin blocks. The results were compared with morphological parameters. In phyllodes tumours (PT), the AgNOR scores showed a tendency to increase with degrees of malignancy. There was significant correlation between AgNOR counts and proliferation rates as determined by Ki-67 and PCNA immunostaining. Ki-67 and PCNA expression correlated with mitotic count, stromal overgrowth, cellularity and atypia in PT. Determination of the AgNOR number per cell revealed an overlap between FA and PTLGM. The proliferating activity determined by immunohistochemistry with Ki-67 and PCNA antibodies did not reveal any significant difference between FA and PTLGM. In summary, Ki-67 and PCNA expression is suggested as a marker of stromal element proliferation. The results obtained confirm the diagnostic difficulties in distinguishing PTLGM from FA of the cellular type using fine needle aspiration cytology.
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Iridociliary epithelial tumor in a cat

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A 15-year-old female spayed domestic short-hair cat was referred for a nonpigmented mass within the pupil of the left eye. In the ophthalmic examination, the non-pigmented mass appeared behind the iris. Visual function was normal, and there were no significant clinical findings except the ciliary body mass. Seven days after presentation, the mass was removed with sclerotomy and iridocyclectomy. The mass was determined to be an iridociliary epithelial tumor upon histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. Thirty-eight days after tumor removal, visual function was maintained, and the papillary light reflex remained normal.
The activities of six enzymes associated with carbohydrate metabo­lism were measured both in carcinomas and in normal breast tissues. The following differences were observed. 1. The carcinoma showed higher enzyme activities than the normal nummary tissue. 2. The ratios of glutamate dehydrogenase, hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, gluta­thione reductase and catalase to lactate dehydrogenase were lower in carcinomas than in normal tissues. Similarly, the ratios of glutamate dehydrogenase, hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, glutathione reduc­tase and catalase to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were also sig­nificantly lower in carcinomas. 3. There were no significant differences in enzyme activities between I and II stage of the disease and the metastatic tissues, however, there were significant differences between I and III stage. The significance of these findings is discussed in terms of the alterations in the balance between the metabolic pathways.
A 59-year-old farmer was admitted to the Department of Trauma Surgery because of pain associated with the presence of a tumour on the side of the right thigh. The patient stated that his biggest problem was great difficulty in moving and handling agricultural machinery due to the aforementioned lesion. On physical examination, the patient presented with numerous cutaneous and subcutaneous neurofibromas, as well as one large plexiform neurofibroma. Diagnosis of Neurofibromatosis type 1 was established, based on National Institutes of Health diagnostic criteria. Moreover, molecular genetic testing found known pathogenic mutation p.Arg1769* in one of the alleles of NF1 gene (heterozygote), typical for Recklinghausen disease. The big plexiform neurofibroma in the patient was not operated on because of lung cancer.
Introduction. Despite a wide range of imaging modalities available today, clinically silent osteolytic changes in the skeletal system occurring in children are still a diagnostic challenge. Case report. The study presents the case of 10-year-old girl with a tumour in a thoracic vertebra. The patient was admitted to the Paediatric Orthopedics Clinic in the Paediatric Clinical Hospital in Lublin suffering from severe pain in the thoracic and lumbar spine. The pain had started suddenly. Physical examination showed lumbar spine pain and a forced scoliotic position. To reduce the symptoms, spinal traction, analgetics and myorelaxing drugs were used. X-ray and CT of the spine showed congenital unfused S1-S3 vertebrae. An MRI was scheduled for further diagnosis. After treatment, the symptoms disappeared and the the patient was discharged after 6 days. MRI showed an oval, well-demarcated lesion in the vertebra body and left side of the arch of the Th10 vertebra. The patient was admitted to the Clinic one again. CT scan of the thoracic spine showed an osteolytic lesion in Th10 vertebra. In the spine X-ray irregular vertebral body contour in Th10 vertebra, was seen. There were no signs of neoplastic infiltration. Scintigraphy showed increased radioisotope uptake in spinal processes of Th10 and Th11 vertebrae, which confirmed the MRI results. A transpendicular trepanobiopsy of the Th10 vertebrae was performed to provide material for histopathological examination. Then, a transpedicular stabilization of Th9-Th11 vertebrae and posterior sponylodesis with spinal autografts was performed. Histopathological examination showed no malignant cells but did not help to establish a diagnosis. Conclusion. In spite of using all the available diagnostic methods it was impossible to determine the type of lesion in the patient’s spine. Genetic tumour marker test can be considered.
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