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Background: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of footballers who participated in the 2008 and 2012 European Championships. The study was conducted by analysis of basic technical and tactical game. Material/Methods: The observation method in the form of a kinematic game analysis system was used to collect necessary data. The research material was based on analysis of 304 players participating in the 2008 European Championships and 277 players in the 2012 European Championships, with each tournament consisting of 31 matches. Statistica software was used to apply the Student’s t-test for the independent groups. Results: Higher values of indicators determining player’s efficiency were found in the teams participating in the 2012 tournament; significant differences were found in the total number (p = 0.048) and accuracy (p = 0.034) of shots taken by the most successful teams, in the number (p = 0.044), efficiency (p = 0.002) and accuracy (p < 0.001) of passes as well as in the length of distance covered (p < 0.001). Conclusions: A systematic increase in the efficiency of passes in subsequent tournaments points to an upward trend of this element in the game. An increase was also noted in the number of shots taken, which was accompanied by a decrease in shot accuracy. Modern football has become a fast team game with lots of passes of high reliability. Thus, training of young players should be focused on the development of playing techniques and motor skills.
The article describes the activities and specificity of so-called CSA groups (Community Supported Agriculture) as one of the forms of the observable trend related to the formation of different types of informal, mutual social initiatives. Certainly such activities can be categorized as sustainable consumption. The article presents the results of research conducted on CSA groups operating in Poland. This study aims is to contribute to the discussion by combining data from basic research with a comparative analysis. The research shows that the various CSA-projects differ a lot from each other and that there is a variety of approaches within the CSA-movement.
Evidence of changes in weather parameters like ambient temperature, precipitation, wind flow, etc., are prominently visible across the world. These changes have been reported to effect global crop yield. This review compiles both direct and indirect effects of climate change on global crop productivity with highlights on existing local and global scenarios. As a conclusion, it may be stated that thorough understanding of agricultural techniques and analysis of global change factors is highly essential for achieving sustainable agricultural yield over the upcoming years.
One of the most important tools for increasing business performance is to provide a proper level of financial resources, which is important for the continuity of all business establishments. Those factors that determine agricultural financing have specific characteristics. Due to the specifics of rural economies, agricultural enterprises have a low capacity for self-financing, thus they need significant external resources. After EU accession there has been a significant increase of subsidies received by farmers, but the distribution of support is not equal and available for all. Our aim was to analyse agricultural HUF and FX short term loans between the years 1995 and 2013 to find out the relationship between foreign currency and the effects of strengthening of Hungarian forint. We tried to find trends, we created forecasts and analyzed them with two different methods to get aproperview on correlation and chenges in this period. Agriculture, like all sectors of the economy, needs credit loans for its development. In a competitive financial environment, profitable agriculture can obtain the credit loan it needs. Bank lending becomes this economy’s engine.
The purpose of the research, the results of which are presented in this paper, was to show the significance, systems and hierarchy of values, as well as the relation of values with the ethnocentric attitudes of consumers. Among the most important values for consumers are: family, health and physical fitness. The ethnocentric attitudes of the surveyed consumers were correlated with the values they believe in. Original materials from a questionnaire survey made by direct personal interviewing are used in this paper. The respondents were chosen by non-random quota sampling. The respondent group was made up of individuals responsible for household food provisions. The cultural and symbolic values occurred with similar frequency and significance among the consumer groups formed by the criterion of ethnocentrism intensity. The approach to ethnocentrism was differentiated by traditional, national and custom values. The consumers with a higher ethnocentrism level declared a relatively higher signifi cance and attachment to Catholicism, traditionalism and patriotism.
Małopolskie voivodship (according to the National Census, 31.03.2011) was inhabited by 3337,5 thousand people. This fact settled the voivodship on the fourth position in the ranking with respect to the size of the population after Mazowieckie, Śląskie and Wielkoposkie voivodship. At the same time one can notice that this population constitutes 8,7% of the total number of people in the country. In the cities of Małopolska there were 1641 thousand people (7% of city population in Poland and the fifth position after Śląskie, Mazowieckie, Dolnośląskie and Wielkopolskie voivodships). Rural areas were inhabited by 1696,5 thousand people, which constituted 11,2% of the total population of rural areas in Poland. This placed the voivodship on second position after Mazowieckie voivodship in the ranking with respect to the size of rural population. Since last National Census (2002) Małopolska population has increased by 105,1 thousand people, that is 3.3%. It was the second – after Pomorskie voivodship (4,4%) rate of increase of the number of people. Over this period the number of people in the whole country increased only by 0,7% on average. The increase of the number of people concerned both cities and rural areas in Małoopolska. In case of cities the estimated increase was merely 0,9%, but on average the number of people inhabiting cities dropped by 0,9%.The increase of number of people in case of rural areas was much more significant – it reached the level of 5,7% (3,3% in the whole country). The number of people in rural areas increased systematically generally due to high migration from cities and positive natural growth. According to M. Małopolskie voivodship has a very large number of small farms. On the other hand, the number of people living from farming has been constantly decreasing, which is parallel to processes taking place in the whole country. [Bogusz, Paluch 2011].
Current and future climate conditions and their impact on water balance, ecosystems, air quality and bioand agro-climatology were investigated in the region of the Lusatian Neisse within the two EU -projects – NEYMO and KLAPS. This work focuses on the climate analysis of the region at the German-Polish border as a preliminary step for a hydrological analysis of current and future conditions. Observed climatological data were processed and analysed using the indicators air temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration, potential evapotranspiration and the climatic water balance (CWB). The latter defines the difference between precipitation and potential evapotranspiration and is a measure for the climatological water availability in the region. Observations were used to statistically downscale data from Global Circulation Models under various scenarios regarding greenhouse gas emissions (A1B, RCP 2.6, RCP 8.5) and applying the WETTREG-method for regionalization. In total, 50 climate projections for periods up until the end of the 21st century were analysed, with the application of the mentioned indicators. For the period 1971-2010, increasing trends of temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration and potential evapotranspiration were found. This leads to a reduced CWB in the summer half-year (SHY), which could be partly compensated by an increase in the winter half-year (WHY). Trends of temperature, sunshine duration and potential evapotranspiration remain positive for the far future (2071-2100), but precipitation decreases. These climatic conditions aggravate water availability, especially in the SHY. Impacts on water management are very probable and were therefore further investigated in the NEY MO project that applied hydrological models.
The main aim of this paper is to overview the trends in assistance to agriculture both in developed and developing countries and to compare them with trends in food products trade to verify the hypothesis assuming that although the level of price distorting assistance to agriculture in high-income countries in last three decades has been decreasing, agricultural markets in these economies are not becoming more open for the food products from the developing countries. The empirical analysis is based on the World Bank database on estimates of distortions to agricultural incentives and on the World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) software. Research results suggest that despite numerous policy reforms both in developed and developing countries, there is still a high rate of assistance to agriculture, especially in high-income economies. Although most of them lowered the price support for food products, it has been partly replaced by assistance decoupled from production. At the same time, some developing countries continue their anti-agricultural bias, but most of them ceased taxing the agricultural sector. What is more, share of developing economies in global food trade is increasing, this trend, however, results mainly from increasing intra-trade between developing economies and not from the liberalization of food markets in developed countries.
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The purpose of the report is to determine trends in thermal and pluvial conditions in the high mountain part of the Tatras. The study makes use of the data from the weather stations on Kasprowy Wierch Mt. from the years 1951-2006, and mainly from 1966-2006. Various thermal and pluvial characteristics were considered. The increase of the rate of upward trend of temperature in the Tatras at the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century, as well as the change of the seasonal distribution of the warming in comparison with the preceding long-term periods, have been documented. Certain symptoms of increase of the thermal and pluvial continentality have also been observed. The contemporary air temperature increase in the high mountain part of the Tatras is not followed by significant changes of the precipitation amount and nature.
Background. Premature mortality in younger age groups influences the society as far as social and economic aspects are concerned. Therefore, it is important to come up with a tool which will allow to assess them, and will enable to implement only these health care measures that bring tangible benefits. That is the reason for introducing PYLL rate (PYLL - potential years of life lost), which is an addition to the analysis of premature mortality as it includes the number of deaths due to a particular cause and the age at death. Objective. The purpose of this study was to analyse the level and trends of PYLL rate according to death causes in years 2002 -2010in Świętokrzyskie Province. Material and methods. The material for the analysis was the information from the Central Statistical Office on the number of deaths due to all causes registered among the inhabitants of Świętokrzyskie Province in years 2002-2010. Causes of death were coded according to the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases. The analysis of premature mortality was carried out with the use of PYLL rate. PYLL rate was calculated according to the method proposed by Romeder, according to which the premature mortality was defined as death before the age of 70. The analysis of time trends of PYLL rate and the APC (annual percent change) of the PYLL rate were calculated usingjointpoint model as well as the Jointpoint Regression Program (Version 4.0.1 - January 2013). Results. In men, in years 2002 - 2007 PYLL rate increased by 1.5% per year (p<0.05). From year 2007 the trend went downward and PYLL rate decreased on average by 3.1% per year till year 2010. External causes of death, cardiovascular diseases and cancers in years 2002 - 2010 were the reason for almost 74.0% PYLL in men. In year 2010 PYLL rate due to all death causes amounted to 89 13.8/105 and was three times higher than in women (29 75.5/105). In women, however, during the analysed period PYLL rate did not change significantly, and was dominated by cancers, cardiovascular diseases and external death causes. Similarly to men, those three groups of death causes were responsible for an average 76.0% PYLL. Conclusions. The analysis of the causes of premature mortality in Świętokrzyskie Province shows that in the majority of cases it is due to preventable deaths, which calls for the necessity of more intensive measures in primary and secondary prevention as well as the improvement in treatment standards, mainly of cardiovascular diseases, cancers, injuries and accidents.
The aim of this paper is to present the concept of sustainable consumption, its aspects, awareness and implications for choices concerning food products. Particular attention was paid to consumer choices based on the perception of foodstuff packaging and the perception of the importance of labelling information. Empirical studies have shown that Polish consumers are increasingly more aware of the need for action on sustainable consumption, although it is not always reflected in tangible activities in this area. Still for the majority of Poles it is synonymous with ecoconsumption, and engaging consumers in the concepts of sustainability is manifested e.g. in waste sorting, waste reduction, selection of organic, local products, in ecologigal packaging, for which they are ready to pay higher prices or search for information on sustainable products. Unfortunately, at present the scale of these activities and attitudes is still limited, thus the primary objective of the environmental, social and economic policies is to provide systematic and intensive consumer education and promote sustainable development.
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