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The life cycle of Pygidiopsis australis sp. n. was reproduced experimentally, starting from cercariae from naturally infected Littoridina castellanosae (Hydrobiidae) collected from artificial ponds in the Zoological Garden in Buenos Aires. Metacercariae were found encysted in the mesenteries, internal organs and body cavity of experimentally exposed Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Poeciliidae). Adults were obtained experimentally in chicks and mice. The adult could not be distinguished from P. pindoramensis Travassos, 1929; the cercariae are clearly different in the arrangement of penetration glands and in the absence of pigment granules in the body of P. australis sp. n.
Several new and known Digenea are measured and described; Zoogonidae: Zoogonoides kamegaii sp. n., Zoogonoides anampsi sp. n., Deretrema ludwicki sp. n. and Lecithostaphylus pomacentri sp. n.; Monorchiidae: Lasiotocus himezi Yamaguti, 1951; Opecoelidae: Paradactylostomum saipanensis g. n. sp. n., Pseudopecoeloides capucini sp. n., Pseudopecoeloides wekeula Yamaguti, 1970, Pseudopecoeloides sp., Apertile overstreeti sp. n., Plagioporus (Caudotestis) seychellensis sp. n. and Podocotyloides stenometra Pritchard, 1966; Callodistomidae: Guptatrema papillonae sp. n.; and Opistholebetidae: Maculifer subaequiporus Nicoll, 1915.
New and known trematodes are discussed, immature worms are not taken under consideration. Trematodes mentioned are: Apocreadiidae: Apocreadium balistis Manter, 1947; Acanthocolpidae: Stephanostomum casum (Linton, 1910) McFarlane, 1934; Hemiuridae: Tubulovesicula lycodontis sp. n.; Lecithocladium chingi Manter et Pritchard, 1960.
The effects of a 5 versus 25 miracidia exposure of Echinostoma caproni on the lipid composition of Biomphalaria glabrata was studied using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)-densitometry. A 50 miracidia dose was not used because such a high level of exposure caused severe snail mortality by 3 weeks post-exposure (PE). Lipids were determined in the digestive-gland gonad complex (DGG) of the exposed snails and in the uninfected matched controls at 2 and 4 weeks PE. Extraction of lipids from DGGs was carried out by the Folch method with chloroform-methanol (2:1), and extracts were analyzed on Analtech HPTLC-HLF pre-adsorbent silica gel plates with measurement of separated bands using a CAMAG Scanner 3. For neutral lipids the mobile phase was petroleum ether-diethyl ether-glacial acetic acid (80:20:1) and the detection reagent was 5% ethanolic phosphoric acid, and for polar lipids chloroform-methanol-deionized water (65:25:4) mobile phase and 10% cupric sulfate in 8% phosphoric acid detection reagent were used. No significant differences in the concentrations of free sterols, free fatty acids, triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine were seen at 2 weeks PE in any of the groups. At 4 weeks PE, the free fatty acid concentration increased significantly in the snails exposed to 25 miracidia compared to that of the 5 miracidia/snail group or the controls. Elevation of the free fatty acid fraction in the high dose snail group suggested that some changes occurred in the lipid metabolism of the snails in that group as a function of miracidia dose.
Specimens of the marine fishes Rhabdosargus haffara (Sparidae) and Cociella crocodilo (Platycephalidae) were caught in the Red Sea off the coast of Sharm El-Sheikh, South Sinai, Egypt. Eight (20%) and 15 (43%) of these fishes, respectively, were found to harbour intestinal trematodes. R. haffara was parasitised by Gibsonius aegyptensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (Lepocreadiidae) and C. crocodilo by Helicometra interrupta sp. nov. (Opecoelidae). Gibsonius is similar to Myzoxenus Manter, 1934 and Diploproctia Mamaev, 1970 in having a ventral sucker with two longitudinal lips of a lamellar nature at its aperture, but differs greatly from each in other features: from Myzoxenus in having tegumental spines heavily distributed throughout the entire body surface, symmetrically arranged testes, a cirrus sac extending well posterior to the ventral sucker, a median genital pore, and vitelline follicles terminating posteriorly at the testicular level; and from Diploproctia in having an oval body, intestinal caeca which end blindly near the posterior extremity, a median genital pore between the intestinal bifurcation and ventral sucker, a pretesticular unlobed ovary, a uterus mainly situated dextral to the ovary, and vitelline follicles terminating posteriorly at the testicular level. Helicometra interrupta sp. nov. is similar to H. equilata, H. nasae and H. pteroisi in having a short fore- body and a long cirrus sac extending posterior to the ventral sucker, but differs significantly in having a shorter forebody (about 10% of body length), a curved cirrus sac extending posteriorly to a third of the distance between the ventral sucker and the ovary, vitelline follicles which terminate anteriorly at considerable distance posterior to ventral sucker and which are distinctly interrupted twice in the pre-testicular region, and smaller eggs.
Direct access to intermediate and final hosts is critical for successful trematode life cycle completion. The harsh environmental conditions of the wave-exposed rocky shores of the Swedish west coast seriously hamper trematode transmission. Limited numbers of potential host species are another obstacle for survival. In this case, paraxenia, or the ability of parasites to simultaneously use multiple host species, is of utmost importance in promoting distribution in a wide range of microhabitats. Our purpose was to examine trematode spatial distribution and life cycle strategies under these severe conditions in order to assess specific life history patterns linked to their transmission. Estimation of overall parasitological load was carried out by extensive sampling of all available potential hosts in a wide range of microhabitats (rock pools, rock surfaces, cracks and crevices) from lower to upper littoral levels on the rocky shores of two islands in the Skagerrak Strait, Saltö and Ursholmen. Log-linear analysis was performed separately for sporocysts and metacercariae to evaluate parasite prevalence and intensity values for the second intermediate snail host Littorina saxatilis. A detailed study of the spread of Renicola spp. metacercariae using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA technique revealed two additional previously unreported second intermediate hosts (L. littorea and L. saxatilis) for R. thaidus. Several interesting combinations of transmission patterns were noted demonstrating species plasticity in terms of host use.
The influence on the gonadosomatic index of the adult Proctoeces lintoni (Digenea), a parasite of the gonads of the key-hole limpet Fissurella limbata (Gastropoda), was analyzed. Parasitic biomass reached as much 34.9% of gonadic weight, with a maximum of 99.4%. The gonadosomatic index computed as: (gonadic weight x total length ⁻¹) x 100, shows significant differences when compared with a corrected gonadosomatic index that excludes the parasitic biomass. Thus, caution must be taken when the gonadosomatic index is considered as a valid parameter in parasitized gonads.
The quaternary structure of ten enzymes in hemiurid flukes of the genus Lecithochirium (Digenea, Hemiuridae) was inferred using allozyme electrophoresis. Allozyme variants with single-banded homozygotes and double-banded heterozygotes characteristic of monomeric enzymes were observed for aconitase, adenosine deaminase and phosphoglucomutase. The phenotypic variation (single-banded and triple-banded profiles) detected for glucose phosphate isomerase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase, suggest a dimeric structure for these enzymes. These results are consistent with structures already known for invertebrates, including parasitic helminths. Atypical heterozygote patterns were observed for fumarase and malic enzyme, both of which revealed monomeric profiles. Moreover, in the genus Lecithochirium, both monomeric and dimeric isozymes for hexokinase may be present. However, there are other possible explanations for the unusual triple-banded pattern detected for this enzyme. The results are discussed in the context of possible variations in subunit number of homologous enzymes within phylogenetically diverse groups such as parasitic helminths, and compared with those of previous studies using allozyme analysis.
The infection patterns of parasites are often tied to host behavior. Although most studies have investigated definitive hosts and their parasites, intermediate host behavior may play a role in shaping the distribution and accumulation of parasites, particularly the larval stages. In an attempt to answer this question, more than 4,500 pulmonate snails were collected from 11 states in the mid-Atlantic and Midwestern United States in the summer of 2012. These snails were necropsied and echinostome metecercariae were commonly observed infecting the snails as 2nd intermediate hosts (20.0%). The snails included species of 3 genera with distinct differences in the infection patterns of Echinostoma spp. metacercariae among them. Physa spp. (comprising of P. acuta and P. gyrina) snails exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of infection (23.5%) than both Lymnaea columella (11.6%) and Helisoma spp. (comprising of H. anceps and H. trivolvis) (14.2%; P < 0.05), with no difference in prevalence observed between the latter 2 genera (P > 0.05). The intensity of metacercariae within the snail hosts was significantly different between the 3 genera (P < 0.05), with L. columella having the highest intensity (24.3 ± 5.6), followed by Physa spp. (15.2 ± 1.5) and Helisoma spp. (5.0 ± 0.9). Differences in prevalence and intensity were also observed when the different snail families co-habited the same body of water. The disparities in infection patterns are likely due to distinct differences in the behavioral and feeding ecology of the snail hosts.
This review examines metabolic profiling of Schistosoma mansoni and Echinostoma caproni in their definitive and intermediate hosts. The earlier coverage of the literature on metabolic profiling was reviewed by Wang et al. 2010, Advances in Parasitology, 73, 373–404 and covered mainly studies using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The methods focused upon in our review are mainly chromatographic. In the studies reviewed, various metabolites were analyzed in hosts infected with either E. caproni or S. mansoni and compared to the uninfected controls.
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