The paper presents results of the first survey of nature monuments conducted after WWII in seven communes of the Szamotuły county: Duszniki, Kaźmierz, Obrzycko, Ostroróg, Pniewy, Szamotuły and Wronki. A total of 114 nature monuments were inventoried – single trees account for 76.3% of all monuments, while clusters of trees – 20.2%, respectively. A locality of Osmunda regalis, a cluster of Pinus mugo as well as two erratics are also monuments. A total of 384 trees of 25 species were inventoried. In case of single trees considered nature monuments the most numerous group is composed of English oaks (44 trees – 50.6%), while among tree clusters Scots pines predominate (201 trees – 67.7 %). The biggest number of monuments is found in state forests (57.9%) and former manor parks (21.9%). Plaques of Nature monument are placed on 54% trees ranked as monuments and 60.9% tree clusters, while only every eighth monument tree cluster bears the appropriate information plaque. Such a plaque was also placed on one erratic. The most impressive tree in the analysed county is a London plane from Pożarów, with a circumference of 7.15 m.
In the city of Częstochowa a total of 122 valuable trees of 25 species from 12 families were inventoried. The most numerous group comprises trees with circumferences of natural monuments (55), followed by already registered natural monuments (25), trees with circumferences comparable to those of natural monuments and impressive trees (18 specimens each) and the category of “other trees” (6). The status of natural monuments presently found in the city of Częstochowa was confirmed. Described trees are typically native deciduous species, of which the most numerous are Acer platanoides (18 trees) and Tilia cordata (16 trees). Approximately 60% of them have circumferences from 201 to 300 cm. The health condition of surveyed trees is usually very good (84%). A total of 45 trees were selected with circumferences of natural monuments and characterised by a very good health condition, which may be proposed as worthy of protection as natural monuments.
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of various biopreparations on the growth of the apple root system, the number of spores of AMF, the total number of bacteria and microscopic fungi in the rhizosphere soil, and the degree of mycorrhizal association in the roots of two apple tree cultivars. The experiment was established in the spring of 2009 in the Experimental Orchard of the Institute of Horticulture in Dąbrowice. The research objects were one-year-old maidens of the apple cultivars ‘Topaz’ and ‘Ariva’ grafted on M26 rootstock. The trees were treated with the following biopreparations: control, control NPK (standard NPK fertilization), manure, Micosat F + manure, Humus UP, Humus Active + Aktywit PM, BioFeed Amin + manure, BioFeed Quality + manure, Tytanit + manure, Vinassa + manure, Florovit Eko, and Florovit Pro Natura. Treatment of ‘Topaz’ and ‘Ariva’ apple trees with the biopreparations Micosat F, Humus UP, Humus Active + Aktywit PM, BioFeed Amin, Vinassa, Florovit Eko and Florovit Pro Natura produced positive effects on the growth of apple roots and their mycorrhizal frequency, and the size of the populations of microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil.
In accordance with the National Program for Increasing Forest Cover it is planned to augment Poland’s forest cover to 30% by 2020. This task involves afforestation of agricultural lands by pioneer species that have low habitat requirements, such as the silver birch or the Scots pine. Application of sawdust, clear cutting residues, compost bark and compost beneath tree roots contributed to better development of the assimilation apparatus. The use of mineral fertilizer stimulated tree growth as well as improved physical and chemical properties of soil.
The small dendrological garden in Glinna (about 5.5 ha) near Szczecin (northwest Poland) is well known for growing a lot of unique trees. The local mild microclimate in combination with the Atlantic climate of West Pomerania produce favorable conditions for growing many varieties of trees and shrubs which go freeze in the central and eastern Poland. The garden’s collection amounts to 750 taxons of trees and shrubs, representing 220 species. What is valuable in the collection of the arboretum is that the cultural varieties of the plants make only 14%. The special collection of the Garden are species of Chinese origin (200 taxons) and maples (65 taxons). Basing on the data from the literature, over 147 taxons used in conventional and unconventional medicine as well as in country medicine were distinguished, among which plants of Asian origin (mainly from China) predominate. This work presents the characteristics and the crop obtained from trees and shrubs rarely grown in Poland that possess medicinal properties, among others: Cunninghamia lanceolata, Torreya sp., Acer davidii subsp. grosseri, Asimina triloba, Broussonetia papyrifera, Clerodendrum trichotomum, Chaenomeles cathayensis var. wilsonii, Diospyros kaki, Eleutherococcus sp., Eucommia ulmoides, Lindera benzoin, Magnolia officinalis var. biloba, Phellodendron sachalinense, Poncirus trifoliata, Sassafras albidum, Symplocos paniculata, Zanthoxylum piperitum, Zanthoxylum simulans.
Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) is considered the main commercial tree species in conditions of floodplain forests of central Europe. In the Czech Republic clear-cutting silvicultural system represents a prevailing regeneration method of oak stands in floodplain forest. The natural regeneration is limited only in stands and years with sufficient acorn production. We analysed an acorn crop periodicity and an influence of canopy opening to the acorn production in South Moravian floodplain forest, Czech Republic between 2008 and 2011, The acorn crop from trees with different growth spaces in four stand conditions (closed canopy (A), moderate open canopy (B), open canopy (C) and single growing trees (D) with unlimited growth space was analysed. The amount of acorns was determined using seed traps placed under the crowns of sample trees. The average amount of acorns in 2009 and 2011 ranged from 13 (A) to 102 (C)/m2 and from 2 (A) to 124 (D)/m2, respectively. At the same time, a considerable difference was recorded in the fructification of sample trees in the various stand situations. Significant correlations were confirmed between the amount of acorns and crown size (r2 2009=0.27, r2 2011=0.07) of parent trees and their growth space – release area (r2 2009=0.42, r2 2011=0.25) and social area (r2 2009=0.31, r2 2011=0.26). The production of acorns could be affected by establishing conditions for the pedunculate oak with a minimum crown projection area in adult trees of at least 70 m2 and/or with a minimum release area of 300 m2, it means spacing between parent trees about 10 m or 100 trees per 1 ha.
Village Common Forests (VCF) are used sustainably for water source conservation, livelihoods and other biomass needs ofethnic communities in the hilly areas of Bangladesh. The current forest degradation rate warrants the importance and potentiality of VCF for sustainable natural resources management. This study was conducted in two VCF of Lama and RumaUpazila at Chimbuk hill range in Bandarban district to explore the indigenous management techniques and tree species diversity. To identify tree species diversity, eighteen plots (9 plots from each VCF) were selected at different hill position (top, middle and bottom) by stratified random sampling method with the dimension of 20m×20m per plot. Shiner-winner and Simpson index were used to calculate the tree species diversity. According to the analyses, it was found that diversity was higher in top of the hill, but species density (stem/ha) was higher in the valley. It was also found that 23000 seedlings/ha regenerated naturally and among the 31 identified families, Moraceae was dominant where the density was 354 stems/ha with basal area 52.63 m2/ha. The dominant species were Schleicher oleosaand Anisopterascaphula and important non-timber species were Melocannabaccifera and Calamusgurubagrowing abundantly in the study areas. It was observed that the VCF were managed by ethnic Mro community with two different committees (customary and executive) who made some rules for natural forest conservation. This management practice is not only conserving hill forests, but also helping to improve degraded forest and create new habitats for biodiversity in the study area.
The Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) is one of the least known species of trees of alien origin introduced to forests in Poland. Its natural geographical range embraces southern Europe and Asia Minor. It started to be grown on the Polish lands in 1813, planted primarily in parks and gardens, mostly in the western part of the country. On the basis of the present authors’ own field search, the literature, and unpublished data, it was possible to collect information about 22 places of occurrence of the Turkey oak in the woodland areas of Poland. A map of the distribution of this species is presented and the characteristics of its most extensive localities in forests are given. The oldest and most robust tree stands comprising Quercus cerris, planted in the fertile riverside habitats of the Oder river valley, have reached the age of 130-150 years. In those conditions the Turkey oak attains a height of 37 m and a breast-height diameter of up to 120 cm. Because of frequent frost damage and a low quality of trunks, it is of no productive significance in forestry. Even so, it is an interesting example of an alien oak species which, like the well-known Q. rubra, shows the ability to expand in a woodland environment.
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