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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a hepatovirus causing infections in humans and in many animal species. According to the current knowledge, HEV strains have been classified in the genus Orthohepevirus, family Hepeviridae, which encompasses strains belonging to one of seven virus genotypes. Genotypes 1 and 2 have only been found in humans, while genotypes 3 and 4 have been detected in humans, pigs, deer, rabbits and mongoose. The other HEV genotypes infect wild animals. However, the full spectrum of animal species being the natural reservoir of HEV has not been fully recognized. The clinical course of hepatitis in animals is asymptomatic, and infections do not cause significant losses in animal farming. Unlike in animals, infections in humans, and especially in pregnant women, can cause serious health problems. The identification of new virus strains in the animal reservoir and the possibility of transmission of some animal HEV strains to humans make the issue of public health protection and food safety even more important. This article provides an overview of data on the prevalence of HEV infections in animals and their impact on human and animal health.
The presence of Aujeszky’s disease of swine (AD) on the OIE list of infectious diseases of particular importance is the basis for the activities of the National Veterinary Service aimed at its eradication. Namely, achieving freedom from this disease in swine in a country is the prerequisite for being able to export them to other countries. In relation to this, the objective of the present review was to present opinions concerning the risk of infection of domestic swine from the reservoir of Aujeszky’s disease virus (ADV) present in feral swine and wild boars. On the basis of serologic and virologic investigations performed in the USA in feral swine and in several European countries, including Poland, in wild boars, usually subclinical ADV-caused infections were demonstrated. However, in no case could a connection between these infections and AD in domestic swine be demonstrated. On the basis of these findings it was agreed that freedom of swine from AD in a country would be recognized internationally, if requirements of the OIE and EU are fulfilled concerning domestic swine. This means that existing reservoirs of ADV in feral swine and wild boars do not interfere with this status. It is, however, recommended to perform seasonal monitoring of feral swine and wild boars for ADV infection, for example during hunting seasons.
In the introduction of this paper the virological definition of the SuHV-1, the etiological agent of Aujeszky’s Disease (AD) of swine, is presented. The importance of ADas an OIE listed disease is mentioned. The gE- deleted marker vaccine in combination with differentiating infected from vaccinated swine ELISA kit is characterized. It is worth to remember that Poland in 2019 will inform the Veterinary Commission of the EU about the freedom of AD in domestic pigs. The seroprevalence of AD in wild boar is variable, from very high occurrence in Mediterranean countries to low level or not existence in Northern Europe. According to several cited authors two subtypes of ADV are existing and characterised – subtype I in wild boar, not being pathogenic for wild boar, existing also in domestic swine, and subtype II occurring in swine and being for domestic swine very pathogenic. Other genetic data connected with pathogenicity of Aujeszky’s disease virus variants are also mentioned.
Rabies in insectivores was identified in the 1930s of the 20th century. In recent years the study of rabies in European bats and the application of modern methods of investigation enabled the distinction of two lyssaviruses: EBLV 1 and EBLV 2, which represent genotype 5 and 6 respectively. Initially it was supposed that bats are the only host of EBLVs and the virus spreads among bats by way of bites between animals. Unfortunately, it turned out that in rare circumstances EBLVs can infect not only bats but also induce spillover infection to domestic and wildlife animals and man. Although such infections are rare they are a danger for public health and for the health of terrestrial animals. To date four human deaths from EBLVs infection have been reported.
Among other important research areas and discoveries the nature of the genomic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been presented. This phenomenon was evaluated as an essential factor of the difficulties in obtaining effective live attenuated vaccines against PRRS, covering cross protection against the existing variants. Cell-lines for the isolation of the virus and seroneutralization were mentioned. These assays were evaluated in comparison with tests for the detection of nucleic acids of the genome and viral proteins for diagnostic purposes that proved to be more rapid than virus isolation and seroneutralization. Primarily ELISA was discussed among serological tests identifying specific antibodies. In the second part of this review of literature, as priorities among present and future research projects, procedures acting against the transmission of PRRSV infection from pig to pig, including semen used for artificial insemination, and against transmission of the virus from farm to farm were discussed. Improvement of disinfection methods and facilities as well as selection of effective disinfectants were added as present and future research projects. Among future topics the evaluation of air filters was also included. The necessity of the improvement of post-vaccinal immunity was emphasized in connection with the improvement of the efficacy of vaccines. The evaluation of the infection of dams in herds with highly pathogenic strains of the PRRSV originating from the region of the farm was also mentioned, including gilt acclimatization.
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