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The determination of the anti-Toxoplasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) avidity is a diagnostic method which has been intensively used for differentiating of recent and more distant Toxoplasma gondii infection in a single serum sample. Finding of low avidity anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies usually indicates recently acquired infection, while the presence of high avidity IgG antibodies contradicts to recently acquired infection. Recently, a number of commercial kits have been introduced for determining the avidity of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies. Therefore, it seemed advisable to make comparative studies in order to investigate the correspondences and discrepancies in the results obtained by the different kits. We compared and analysed the results obtained with four commercially available anti-Toxoplasma IgG avidity assays. They were expected to give well correlated results, but some differences between the kits were observed in the ranking of anti-Toxoplasma IgG avidity ("high" or "low" or "borderline"). Among others, differences in the dilution method or differences in the type, quality or quantity of the Toxoplasma antigen used in the different assays might explain the observed divergences.
One of the most characteristic features of many intracellular parasite infections is their chronicity indicating that the host immune system is not capable of eradicating the pathogen. Toxoplasma gondii is the most successful parasite worldwide, infecting an extraordinarily broad range of hosts (endothermic animals and humans) and almost all cell types. Recent studies have revealed that in late chronic toxoplasmosis CD8⁺ T lymphocytes become progressively exhausted and this dysfunction is suggested to be responsible for the reactivation of latent infection, which may result in a life-threatening disease in immunocompromised individuals (e.g. neurotoxoplasmosis in AIDS patients). The article presents selected aspects of a new paradigm – T cell exhaustion phenomenon – a progressive dysfunction over time, which makes the host unable to control intracellular pathogen infections or tumours.
Doha city has a high feral cat population and studies of hospital records in Doha have shown that human toxoplasmosis also occurs. Clearly, there is a need to understand the role of cats as vectors of human toxoplasmosis in the city and as a first step we assessed the extent of patent Toxoplasma-like coccidial infections among feral cats. Oocysts in cat faeces were detected between June 2008 and April 2010, from a range of locations radiating out of the city centre in concentric semi circular/elliptic rings and by north, west and south divisions within each of the rings. In total 4,652 cats were sampled and overall prevalence of oocysts was 9.1%. Prevalence was 10.1% in the first summer, and then dropped to 8.4% in the following winter and further to 6.8% in the next summer before rising to 10.6% in the final winter of the study; this interaction between annual period and season was significant. There were also significant changes in prevalence across each of the consecutive months of the study, but no clear pattern was evident. Prevalence did not vary significantly by city sector and there was no difference in prevalence between the host sexes. We conclude therefore, that despite minor and significant perturbations, the prevalence of patent Toxoplasma-like coccidial infections among cats in Doha is remarkably stable throughout the year, across years and spatially within the city’s districts.
Between 1984 and 1987, antibodies to toxoplasmosis in dogs in the southern part of the Czech Republic were monitored. The dogs were German shepherds, reared and used by the border police in the line of their duty. Antibodies were ascertained by the Sabin-Feldman dye test (DT) at a titre of 4 or higher, and by the complement fixation test (CFT) at a titre of 10 or higher. Dogs from 21 kennels were re-tested 7 times (total of 1903 tests). Mean seroprevalence levels ascertained by the DT and CFT were 9.8% (1.7-26.6%) and 3.7% (0.8-6.6%) respectively. The generally low seroprevalence can be explained by high zoohygienic standards at the facilities, use of cooked feed and the fact that the dogs stayed mainly in well-preserved environment. A study was made also to see whether the seroprevalence of antibodies might have been influenced by local climatic conditions and the type of countryside. Differences in the type of countrysides do not seem to have any influence on the seroprevalence.
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