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Cyanobacterial blooms, often observed in eutrophic water reservoirs, produce toxic metabolites known as cyanotoxins that affect animal health. There are five groups of cyanotoxins classified on the basis of their toxic action: hepatotoxins, neurotoxins, cytotoxins, dermatotoxins and irritant toxins. Microcystin (MC) is a very common and well described hepatotoxin produced by various genera, such as Microcystis, Anabaena, Planktothrix, Anabenopsis, Hapalosiphon and Nostoc. It acts as an inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A), inducing hyperphosphorylation of cell proteins and a variety of toxic changes in hepatocytes often leading to liver insufficiency and death caused by hypovolemic shock. Since the reports on MC toxicity are on the increase this cyanotoxin should be treated as an important environmental factor affecting human and animal health. A brief overview of existing literature on the intake, mechanism of action, and hepatotoxic effects on mammalian animals is presented in this paper
Vascular storage parenchyma cells of carrot roots were treated with methanol solutions of radicinin and epiradicinol produced by Alternaria radicina and with alternariol and alternariol methyl ether produced by A. alternata at concentrations of 25 µg/ml and 250 µg/ml, as well as culture filtrates of both fungi. Cell ultrastructure was observed by TEM. No visible changes were noted after treatment with 25 µg/ml toxin solutions. The most extensive plication of cell membranes, and sometimes also cell walls, and the formation of numerous vesicles in the cytoplasm, was observed in cells treated with the higher concentration of toxins. Plasma membrane withdrawal and vésiculation, microvacuole formation, and accumulation of plastoglobuli in chromoplasts also occurred. No changes in the structure of endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes were noted. The responses of cell structures to particular toxins were nonspecific. Treatment with culture filtrates from A. radicina resulted in the occurrence of osmiophilic, electron-dense substance in the cytoplasm and plastoglobuli. All alterations induced by filtrates were more extensive than those resulting from toxin solutions, but membrane integrity was not disturbed after any of the treatments.
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