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A study was conducted in order to determine the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidative activity of extracts from Flammulina velutipes. Water and ethanolic, methanolic, acetone (70% v/v) extracts were prepared from lyophilized fruiting bodies of mushrooms. Different extraction techniques were used: ultrasonication and stirring by a rotary shaker at ambient temperature and at 50oC, and at boiling point for each solvent. Next, total phenolics by Folin-Ciocalteu method, antioxidant capacity (EC) by ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and scavenging ability on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals were analysed in these extracts. It was observed that the extraction method and the kind of solvent influenced the antioxidant activity and concentration of total phenolics in the extracts. The highest concentration of phenolic compounds (7.58±0.17 mg GAE/g extract) were observed for water extract prepared with use of ultrasonification method (at 50oC for 1h). Results showed that water extracts possessed high equivalent capacity (EC) for all applied extraction methods. The highest EC value (9.2±0.18 mM Fe2+/g extract) was observed in water extract prepared by stirring at ambient temperature for 1 h. This extract was characterized by high level of total phenolics. The acetone extracts, prepared by ultrasonic extraction at 50oC for 1 h, at 10 mg/ml showed the highest scavenging activity (57.53±1.18%), although, the value was lower than that of ascorbic acid at 10 mg/ml (60.50±1.32%).
Total phenolic content, concentration of flavonoids and in vitro antioxidant activity of twenty different extracts from the whole plant and plant parts (leaves, flowers and stems) of Teucrium polium were determined. The total phenolic contents ranged between 14.57 to 157.84 mg of GaA/g of extract. The concentrations of flavonoids varied from 6.48 to 139.87 mg of Ru/g of extract. Antioxidant activity was determined in vitro using DPPH reagent and expressed as concentration of each extract required to inhibit radical by 50% (IC50) values that ranged from 26.30 to 2190.75 μg/ml. The methanolic leaves extract contain the greatest concentration of phenolic compounds (157.84 mg of GaA/g) and showed strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 26.30 μg/ml). Ginkgo and Green tea extracts were analyzed for comparison, and the results indicated that some extracts of T. polium were equal in activity with Ginkgo or Green tea and some appeared to have greater activity. The obtained results suggest strong antioxidant activity and large contribution of separate analysis for the maximum exploitation of active phenolic compounds from T. polium. Based on this information, plant parts of this plant are natural sources of antioxidant substances of high importance.
The present study examined the correlation between phenolic acids and flavonoids with high and low yield traits of rice. It was observed that the difference of phenolic contents among the tested rice lines occurred only at the vegetative stage. The concentrations of phenolic acids were higher in the high yield cultivars than low yield varieties at the vegetative stage, but they either decreased dramatically or disappeared during the development stage. Caffeic acid was found only in high yield, whereas chlorogenic acid was detected only in low yield rice. Sinapic acid was the dominant phenolic acid in high yield cultivars at vegetative stage (3.7 mg/g), followed by ferulic acid (1.2 mg/g). These findings suggested that caffeic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid and chlorogenic acid may play a particular role in forming yield components in rice. The cultivar B3 contained high amount of sinapic acid may be used as a natural source for pharmaceutical use.
The effects of combined aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) treatments on quality attributes of ‘0900 Ziraat’ sweet cherry fruit during the cold storage and shelf life were investigated in this study. Significantly lower weight loss and decay ratios were observed in all treatments throughout the cold storage period as compared to the control. A similar case was also observed referring to the shelf life. MAP treatments were found to be more effective in retarding the weight loss and decay ratio. Higher hue angle values were measured from AVG-treated fruit at harvest. Similarly, hue angle of AVG and MAP-treated fruit were also higher than for the control in all periods of cold storage and on the 7th and 21st day of shelf life. AVG-treated fruit had higher firmness values than the control at harvest. However, higher firmness values were measured from MAP-treated fruit during the cold storage and shelf life. At the end of cold storage, lower SSC and higher titratable acidity values were observed in AVG and MAP-treated fruit than in the control. AVG + MAP treatments yielded significantly higher vitamin C, total phenolics and antioxidant activity values than the control. Contrarily, the control fruit had significantly higher total monomeric anthocyanin than the other treatments. Based on current findings, it was concluded that combined AVG + MAP treatments could be used as a beneficial tool to maintain the quality of sweet cherry fruit throughout the cold storage and shelf life.
The effect of light conditions on the accumulation of phenolic compounds was investigated in the needles of one-year and two-year old shoots, collected from perennial specimens of common yew (Taxus baccata L.), American arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis L.) and common juniper (Juniperus communis L.), growing in an urban garden. The content of total phenols and flavones was partially related to the light requirement or light tolerance of conifer tree. In Taxus needles, a shade-loving species, higher accumulation of phenolic metabolites was observed under shaded condition (in two-year old shoots) and was linked with the growth intensity in spring. In Thuja and particularly in Juniperus, the level of phenolics was related to the insolation intensity, probably so as a part of the adaptation mechanism.
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