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The experimental materials comprised the fruits of tomato cv. Robin F1 and red pepper cv. Mira harvested from plants sprayed three times with the growth regulator Asahi SL, the biostimulator Biochikol 020 PC, the biocontrol agent Polyversum, and the fungicide Bravo 500 SC. Control plants were sprayed with sterile water. Total fruit yield, average fruit weight, and the concentrations of total extract, pectin, reducing sugars, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds were determined. Biological and fungicidal control contributed to an increase in the yield and average weight of tomato and pepper fruit. The protective treatments had no effect on the content of extract and reducing sugars in tomato and red pepper fruit. The applied biological and fungicidal control agents were negatively correlated with the concentrations of carotenoids and phenolic compounds in tomato fruit, and positively with the pectin content of tomato and red pepper fruit.
The anatomical structure of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) pericarp was studied in the fruits of five determinant field cultivars. The fruits of the examined cultivars differed in their mechanical properties. Fruits of cultivars which are firm and resistant to injury (Kecskemeti 886j-2, Campbell 28), moderately firm and resistant (Atma, Wenus) and soft, susceptible to injury (line No 155/84) were examined. The pericarp of the cultivars which have fruits resistant to injury had an approx. 200 µm thick covering layer (epidermis plus cuticle plus hypodermis) whereas that of fruits susceptible to injury was only 100 µm thick. In the fruits resistant to injury the cuticle penetrated deeply into the hypodermis, the epidermal cells were flattened and the hypodermis was composed of 4 - 5 rows of cells. The tomato fruits resistant to injury had a thick cuticle layer on their tangential walls — whereas those more susceptible had a thick cuticle layer on these walls.
Tomato is sensitive to cold during vegetative growth, fruit set, development, and ripening. We have characterized the effect of cold stress (6°C for up to 48 h) on the transcriptome of Micro-Tom tomato fruits during ripening by subtractive PCR. The cold stress caused modifications in gene expression of housekeeping genes. From a total of 38 genes up-regulated by cold, only one clone - a dehydrin homologue - was related to previously identified cold-stress genes. Phylogenetic analysis showed its clustering with other cold-induced dehydrins, and increased distances from dehydrins activated by abscisic acid. Quantitative expression analysis of tomato dehydrin showed it was activated by cold treatment in leaves and fruits. As dehydrin is a member of the Sl-CBF1 regulon from tomato, we analyzed the cold-responsive transcription factor Sl-CBF1 in mature leaves and ripening fruits stored at 6°C. Leaves of Micro-Tom showed high basal levels of the transcription factor Sl-CBF1, compared to fruits. Cold treatment caused increased levels of Sl-CBF1 expression in leaves but not in fruits of Micro-Tom and Demisem (a commercial cultivar). Tomato dehydrin can be used as a transcriptional marker of cold stress in leaves and ripening fruits. However, our results indicate that the cold response activation of dehydrin gene in tomato fruits is the consequence of an alternative pathway, different from the Sl-CBF1 regulon.
Fruit rot of tomato is a serious disease caused by Fusarium species. Sampling was conducted throughout Selangor, Malaysia and fungal species identification was conducted based on morphological and gene encoding translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-α) sequence analysis. Five species of Fusarium were discovered namely F. oxysporum (including F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici), F. solani, F. equiseti, F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides. Our results provide additional information regarding the diversity of Fusarium species associated with fruit rot disease of tomato.
The aim of this trial was to investigate the pre-harvest foliar application of calcium chloride and potassium thiosulfate each at 0.0, 0.2 and 0.4 % on some quality of tomato fruit (hybrid 65010) during cold storage. The experimental layout of cold storage experiments was a split-split-plot based on Randomized Complete Blocks design with three replications. Time of cold storage, calcium chloride and potassium thiosulfate levels were randomly distributed in the main, sub- and sub-sub plots, orderly. At the termination of cold storage, effect on tomato fruit titratable acidity, vitamin C and lycopene contents while, negative impact on firmness and total soluble sugars contents was obtained. At termination of cold storage, pre-harvest foliar calcium chloride at 0.2 and/or 0.4 % caused increments in fruit titratable acidity, vitamin C, total soluble sugars, lycopene and firmness contents. In addition, pre-harvest foliar potassium thiosulfate at 0.4 % enhanced fruit vitamin C, total soluble sugars, lycopene and firmness contents and also increased titratable acidity content. Generally, the interaction between cold storage × pre-harvest foliar calcium chloride or potassium thiosulfate at 0.2 and/or 0.4 % increased fruit total titratable acidity, vitamin C, total soluble sugars, lycopene and firmness contents. Also, the interaction between pre-harvest calcium chloride × potassium thiosulfate at 0.4 % was distinguished and increased all studied fruit quality at the end of cold storage. The interaction treatment of cold storage × calcium chloride at 0.4 % × potassium thiosulfate at 0.4 % was the best that improved fruit quality more than others.
The paper presents the results of studies concerning the Young‘s modulus, critical stress, Poisson‘s ratio and thickness determined for the skin of greenhouse tomato cultivars (Admiro and Encore), and soilgrown varieties (Polset and Surya) comparison. Multivariate analysis of variance and one-dimensional tests [Hinkelmann 2008] were carried out. With the contrasts application the greenhouse varieties were compared with soil-grown ones. The comparison inside both: the greenhouse and soil-grown groups were also conducted. The homogeneity groups containing the average values of defined mechanical parameters of the tomato skin were determined.
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