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The relative permittivity of water decreases with increasing temperature. Therefore, it is likely that the soil water content determined with time domain reflectometry (TDR) is influenced by temperature. We derived a correction based on a refractive mixing model. Our field experiment on a peat soil and laboratory experiments on disturbed sand and loam samples showed that there exist significant temperature effects. The magnitude of these effects is a function of water content and temperature. Both the refractive mixing model-based correction and Ledieu’s correction compensated temperature effects reasonable well. We recommend Ledieu’s correction for its simplicity: only information of the soil temperature is needed to correct the measured water content. The model-based correction needs additional information of the TDR calibration function. Our laboratory experiments on disturbed clay samples however, did not show a temperature effect. We suggest that the electrical conductivity counteracts the temperature effects in clay.
In the present work the temperature effect on rheological properties of Portuguese honeys was studied for the fi rst time. Two unifl oral honeys – heather and rosemary – and a polyflower honey were analyzed. All honeys showed flow independence over time and behaved as Newtonian fluids at the studied temperature and shear rate ranges. For all honeys it was found that the viscosity decreased with temperature and the rosemary honey was the one that always presented the lowest viscosity at 30°C (6120 mPa·s), 50°C (603 mPa·s) and 70°C (145 mPa·s). The temperature dependence of viscosity was well described by the T B A K equation. Nevertheless, good regression coefficients were also obtained when fitting the experimental data to the Arrhenius model, showing the rosemary honey to be less temperature sensitive. The results obtained in this study are of great interest to beekeepers and industrials that handle and prepare eatable honey-based products because they will be better informed about the best type of honey to use.
The purpose of study was to compare the effects of lower and higher (by ±3°C) air temperature in the poultry house in the period from 28 to 42 days of the growing period with the standard (medium) air temperature conditions in Ross 308 and Hybro G commercial broilers chickens, taking into consideration the main performance traits of birds and quality of carcase and meat. The experimental findings demonstrated that increasing or decreasing standard air temperature in the poultry house by ±3°C significantly deteriorated the examined performance traits. A higher negative effect on the physicochemical traits of muscles was noted in the case of higher air temperature. It pertained mainly to the degree of muscle acidification post mortem and intramuscular fat content. The studied ambient air temperatures influenced to the same degree the economic effectiveness of bird growing and quality of carcase and meat in the two examined strains of broiler chickens.
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