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3
86%
Kulon
|
2007
|
tom 12
98-99
6
72%
In 106 starlings (24 juvenile and 82 adult) 12 species of Nematoda were detected. Five species: Porrocaecum semiteres, Acuaria anthuris, Diplotriaena tricuspis, Thominx contorta, Thominx similis appeared to be new to the parasitofauna of Sturnus vulgaris in Poland. The extensity of the infection with nematodes of juveniles was 66,7% and adults 69,5%. All the species (except P. semiteres) were found in old birds.
Nestlings' condition parameters (body weight, tarsus and wing length) of Starling breeding in nest-boxes of various sizes were studied during two years. Two types of nest-boxes were used: normal — typical for that species (bottom size 195 cm², depth 22 cm) and 20-25% smaller. It was found that Starling didn't adjust their clutches to nest-box size. Also number of fledglings was not related to nest-box size. Significant differences between nestling development in normal and smaller nest- boxes were found only during the first days of life, when nestling growth is intensive. In older stages of nestlings development those diferences dissappeared.
Three species of cavity nesters potentially competitive with the Starling — the Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major, Middle Spotted Woodpecker D. medius and Nuthatch Sitta europaea were studied in the years 1997-1999. The number of suitable nest sites for Starlings and competitive pressure were manipulated by increasing or decreasing the availability of nest boxes. Increased nest-site competition did not lead to significant changes in number among the studied species. The Starling was found to take over up to 25% of holes chosen by Nuthatches for breeding. Increased availability of nest sites did not protect Nuthatches from cavity losses, but reduced their frequency. Only 20% of Nuthatch pairs that lost their holes renested successfully in the same breeding season. No impact of Starlings on breeding woodpeckers was noted.
The influence of fleas on weight and body size in nestlings of Starlings was studied. Insecticide applied to nest material influenced flea larvae but not imagines. The presence of larvae and imagines in nests were considered indicators of nestlings and adult birds, respectively, being parasited. In general the presence of flea larvae or imagines in nests did not affect nestling weight or body size. However, when broods of different sizes were analyzed, there was a strong negative influence on the weight and body size of nestlings in bigger broods (4 nestlings). The presence of imagines had a much stronger influence on nestling condition than the presence of larvae. It was therefore suggested, that flea parasitism of adult Starlings affect nestling condition more than direct parasitism on nestlings.
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