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Subject and purpose of work: The article presents the complexity of the transaction costs and their impact on institutions supporting employment of the people with disabilities in Poland. As a measure of the unwanted costs, lost benefits in the form of not received public income on account of shared and used concessions, endowments, exemptions for employers of people with disabilities were assumed. Materials and methods: An example of the lost benefits was presented on the grounds of State Fund for Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons and the Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy data. In the article, the method of description and financial analysis was applied. Results: All forms of public aid, being the support of employers of people with disabilities, require legislative actions, additional work of administration bodies, monitoring, PFRON (State Fund for Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons), levies collection system adjustments (thus a tax system), which constitute the total coordination costs of the chosen economic policy, that is transaction costs. Conclusions: The analysis carried out indicates on the one hand the complexity of the institutional solutions for supporting the employment of people with disabilities, what provokes thoughts about the need to rationalize the institution of grants for entrepreneurs, labour law and occupational rehabilitation, on the other hand the sensitivity of the system supporting employment institutions to changes which occur in other institutions and in the environment.
The aim of this study was to identify the currently functioning institutional support mechanisms for the development of the bio-economy in the Wielkopolska Region. In the initial stage of the study, conducted in late 2013 and 2014, secondary materials were used which had been published by the Central Statistical Office, reports by Association for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Centres, Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the information contained on the websites of the institutions. The study included selected administrative-political and economic institutions of Wielkopolska. It was determined whether and to what extent these mechanisms operate in support of activities aimed at bio-economy development. It was found that the biggest, targeted support in this area is offered by Nickel Technology Park, Poznan Science and Technology Park, Centre of Excellence “Food Biotechnology” and the Foundation for Academic Entrepreneurship. In the future, extensive support for bio-economy can be expected from Wielkopolska Centre for Advanced Technology which is in the start-up phase. In other institutions, such support is provided equally to other areas of business and scientific research or it is of no particular interest to the institution. The study does not exhaust the catalogue of the bio-economy support institutions in the region of Wielkopolska. At their present stage a slight targeting of support mechanisms was noted for the activities in the field of bio-economy. Continuation and specification of research is planned.
In the field experiments performed in 1999–2001 the profitability of late blight control in accordance with three decision support systems: NegFry,Simphyt and Stephan with routine fungicide program was compared. Potato protection carried out according to the recommendations of the decision support systems guaranteed higher profitability of late blight control than when potato was protected routinely. The highest profitability was recorded for susceptible variety Bekas protected according to NegFry.
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