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This study investigates the conventional characterization and biological treatability of two different wastewaters that originated from corn oil and sunflower oil refining processes. Our aims for characterization of wastewaters included: total and soluble chemical oxygen demand, total and soluble biological oxygen demand, suspended solid, oil and grease, pH, total kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphor, phosphate, color and sulfate analyses. In corn oil wastewaters, total COD is portioned as 80% soluble COD, 20% particular COD, 3.4% total soluble inert COD, 0.5% total particular inert COD, whereas in sunflower oil wastewaters soluble COD, particular COD, total soluble inert COD, total particular inert COD are found as 81.7%, 18.3%, 1.9%, and 5.1%, respectively. In our characterization studies, BOD5/COD ratio were 0.15 and 0.2 for corn oil and sunflower oil wastewaters, respectively. These results indicate that wastewaters are not suitable for biological treatment. But investigation of COD fractions has pointed out that wastewaters contain mostly biodegradable organic substances.
The fluorescence intensity of tocopherols originated from cold-pressed sunflower oil at different degree of oxidation in presence of l,2-dipalmitylo-sn-glicero-3- -fosfatidylocholine lipid (DPPC) membrane have been measured. It has been shown that fluorescence of tocopherol depends on amount of oil as well as on membrane concentration in the sample. Addition of oil with increasing peroxide value PV decreased the tocopherol fluorescence due to its disappearance in the sample. At constant membrane concentration chromatographically determined the amount of tocopherol in oil sample correlated with peroxide value and fluorescence intensity. Such results allowed us construct calibration curve which may be used for fast and accurate peroxide value determination using fluorescence technique.
The performed investigations were concerned with the possibility of utilisation of the yeasts ATCC 22214 Candida bombicola for the biosynthesis of surface active substances on substrates containing oleic acid, sunflower oil and post-deodorising condensate as carbon sources. Glucose was the source of hydrophilic carbon in the medium, whereas nitrogen was supplied by the yeast extract. The highest yields of biosurfactants (124.5 g·dm-3 - oleic acid, 116 g·dm-3 - sunflower oil and 118.5 g·dm-3 - post-deodorising condensate) were achieved using the medium in which 3 g of glucose and 0.05 g of yeast extract and 1 g of the fat substrate. The obtained biosurfactants, depending on the fat substrate applied in the culture medium, differed with respect to their appearance. The obtained preparations reduced the surface tension of water from 70 mN/m to approximately 32 mN/m.
Celem niniejszej pracy była ocena zdolności szczepów termofilnego grzyba Thermomyces lanuginosa (syn. Humicola lanuginosa) do biosyntezy kompleksu egzoenzymów lipolitycznych. Materiał badawczy stanowiły 144 szczepy tego gatunku wyodrębnione z biohumusu, podłoża pieczarkowego, kompostu liściowego, kompostu ogrodowego, łuskanych orzechów laskowych oraz z surowego ziarna kawy. Hodowle prowadzono w temp. 55°C, na podłożu stałym z dodatkiem oleju słonecznikowego w ilości 1,5%. Jako indeks aktywności lipolitycznej przyjęto obliczony stosunek średnicy strefy hydrolizy do średnicy kolonii badanego szczepu (współczynnik R). Badania dowiodły, że wszystkie szczepy wykazywały zdolność do hydrolizy oleju słonecznikowego. Najwyższą aktywnością lipolityczną charakteryzowały się szczepy wyodrębnione z biohumusu i surowego ziarna kawy, najniższą - szczepy pochodzące z kompostu liściowego i z łuskanych orzechów laskowych. Różnice te były statystycznie istotne. W przypadku szczepów o najwyższej aktywności lipolitycznej stwierdzono istotną ujemną korelację pomiędzy wielkościami kolonii tych szczepów, a ich aktywnością lipolityczną.
The effects of giving pigs dietary vegetable oils on oxidative stability, cholesterol level and oxysterol formation in their meat were studied. A total of 40 Polish Landrace pigs were randomly allocated to 4 groups with 5 gilts and 5 barrows per group and fattened from 50 to 105 kg body weight. Fat supplements represented the experimental factor: palm oil, linseed oil, rapeseed oil, and sunflower oil given at 3% of ration dry matter. A significantly higher MUFA level was found in the m. longissimus dorsi of pigs receiving dietary palm oil compared to the linseed oil-fed pigs (p<0.05). There was a highly significant narrowing in the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio between the experimental groups (p<0.01). In addition, the level of DHA acid was significantly higher in gilts than in barrows (p<0.01). The use of dietary vegetable oils caused a significant decrease in the oxidative stability of meat, in particular after 180 days of frozen storage of meat (p<0.01). A highly significant interaction was found for TBARS between the fat supplement used and sex (p=0.003). There were highly significant differences in vitamin E content of meat between the group receiving palm oil and the linseed oil-fed group (p<0.01). The type of oil had no significant effect on the total cholesterol content of meat. It was found that oxidized forms of cholesterol formed during storage. There were highly significant differences in the level of 7-ketocholesterol between the groups receiving palm oil and sunflower oil and the groups fed linseed oil and rapeseed oil (p<0.01). A similar, highly significant correlation was found between the level of total oxysterols and total cholesterol, with additional differences between the groups receiving linseed oil and rapeseed oil (p<0.01). Highly significant interactions, ranging from p=0.002 to p=0.08, were found between the level of oxysterols, and the source of fat and sex.
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