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Keratinolytic bacteria Bacillus polymyxa B20 and B. cereus B5esz during cultures in medium with chicken feathers as a sole nutrient source, accumulated various amounts of sulfur compounds at different oxidation level, including thiols, thiosulfate, sulfite and sulfate. The main difference observed between the two tested strains was higher release of sulfate by the former and elevated concentration of thiols by the latter. Additionally, the activity of glutathione reductase, that could potentially play a role in keratinolysis was confirmed, mainly in the cell homogenate fraction, rather than extracellular. Keratinases in crude culture fluids exhibited activity towards soluble keratin preparation, as well as native feather keratin. Application of 2-mercaptoethanol and sulfite, agents that potentially could take part in keratin sulfitolysis, led to a conclusion that they could play a role in keratin degradation, other than activation of extracellular enzymes.
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The paper presents the main natural and anthropogenic sources of sulfur compounds, the proportion of these compounds in natural fuels and their emission to the aerosphere. Particular attention was paid to conditions of photochemical and catalytic oxidation in the air, as well as the behavior of sulfur compounds in the aerosphere. The transformations of sulfur compounds and their reactions with other compounds or elements contribute to air pollution, including the formation of tropospheric ozone and acid rains.
The influence of sulphur compounds in the atmosphere on the natural environment has been discussed. Today, production of sulphuric acid is not ecologically clean regardless of the employed technology. The year 1996 was decisive in the production of H2SO4 sulphuric acid as the modern method of non-reacted SOx sulphur compound evacuation was applied in the POLCHEM - Toruń Inorganic Chemical Plant.
The Niepołomice Forest, a large forest complex typical of Central European lowlands, is located near an urban-industrial agglomeration in southern Poland. During the past 20 years, SO₂ emissions from industry decreased from 75,000 t yr⁻¹ to 6000 t yr⁻¹. Concentration of SO₂ in the air, and pH, SO₄⁻² concentration in bulk precipitation were measured during the last 11 years and compared with data from the 1970s. The spatial distribution of concentrations and deposition of S were calculated on the basis of 30 bulk precipitation samples in 1999-2000. Mean annual concentration of SO₂ in the air was 8.25 μg m⁻³ in 2000, that is 2.5 times lower than during the period 1967-1978. At the beginning of the 1990s the concentration of SO₂ exceeded the critical level for plants during 3% of the days over the year, and at the end of the 1990s only on single days. In 1999 and 2000 the yearly mean concentration of S-SO₄⁻² in bulk precipitation in the Niepołomice Forest was 1.11 mg l⁻¹, ranging between 0.99 and 1.27 mg l⁻¹ in the forest complex. The yearly mean sulphur deposition (S-SO₄⁻²) was 8.1 kg ha⁻¹, varying from 7.3 to 8.9 kg ha⁻¹. The present concentrations and deposition of S-SO₄ were a quarter those of 1974-1978. The spatial distribution of S deposition pointed to the influx of S compounds to the Niepołomice Forest with air masses from the west. The yearly mean pH of atmospheric precipitation was 4.64 (1999-2000), and was steady within the forest complex. In the Niepołomice Forest, atmospheric precipitation was more acid recently than in the 1970s.
The waste activated sludges had a significant influence on the content of macroelements in Lolium multiflorum whereas waste activated sludges from the Drosed Co. were a better source of nutrients for plants than the waste activated sludge from Siedlce. All other parameters investigated, such as type of soil and liming also had a significant influence on the features investigated.
Sulfur is an essential macronutrient for all living organisms. Plants are able to assimilate inorganic sulfur and incorporate it into organic compounds, while animals rely entirely on organic sources of sulfur. In the last decades sulfate availability in soils has become the major limiting factor for plant production in many countries due to significant reduction of anthropogenic sulfur emission forced by introducing stringent environmental legislation. The sulfur flux after transferring plants from optimal conditions to sulfur deficiency is regulated on multiple levels including transcription, translation and activity of enzymes needed for sulfate assimilation and synthesis of sulfur-containing metabolites. Most of these regulatory steps are not yet fully characterized. Plant responses to sulfur limitation are complex and can be divided into phases depending on the degree of sulfur shortage. The initial responses are limited to adaptations within sulfur metabolic pathway, while multiple metabolic pathways and developmental process are affected when sulfur shortage becomes more severe. The major aim of this work is a comprehensive review of recent progress in understanding the regulation of plant adaptations to sulfur deficit.
The capability of reduction of oxidized sulphur compounds (sulphates, sulphites and thiosulphates) by wild strains of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) Desulfovibrio desulfuricans DV-5/86 and Desulfotomaculum nigriflcans DT-5/86 was estimated basing on dynamics of hydrogen sulphide liberation. The effectiveness of these processes was correlated with the biocorrosion rate of metallic copper in artificial aqueous media containing above mentioned substrates. It was demonstrated that corrosive aggressiveness of used media with selected sulphur compounds and investigated bacteria strains were the highest in the presence of S2O3-2 ions and the lowest in the system containing SO4-2 ions.
The research was conducted to evaluate the impact of sulphur compounds on the sex of Colorado potato beetle in the region of sulphur factory in Chmielów near Tarnobrzeg in 1995. The control plantations were situated in the village of Zarębki, about 30km from Chmielów. The object of the study was the average body mass of female and male specimen of the insect after full spring beetle appearance in potato plantations as well as the average body female and male mass after pupation of the larvae of the first generation and emerging from the soil. After six and twelve days of starvation, the average female and male body mass was determined. After twelve days of starvation the incident of cannibalism was noticed among the beetles of the first zone polluted by sulphur compounds.
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