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Mechanical strength of stems in aquatic macrophytes

84%
In populations of submerged macrophytes, individuals are selected in terms of resistance to the effect of hydrodynamic forces. The aim of this study was to check whether individuals growing in river water are more tensile and bending resistant than plants occurring in places not exposed to flow stress. We determined the ultimate tensile strength of stems in four macrophyte species, Potamogeton natans, P. pectinatus, Batrachium fluitans and Chara fragilis, which occur in two environmental variants: in running (current velocity of 0.1-0.6 m/s-1) and stagnant water. In addition, flexure of P. natans stems from both environmental variants was examined. What is more, the type and arrangement of strengthening structures in stems of the plants under study were determined. Potamogeton natans stems are the most resistant to stretching (15.6±4.7 N), while stems of P. pectinatus (3.3±1.0 N) and Batrachium fluitans (2.6±0.8 N) are less resistant. Chara fragilis (0.6±0.3 N) has the least resistant stems. Batrachium, Chara and P. pectinatus are more resistant to stretching if they occur in a river current, whereas P. natans, in stagnant lake water. Ultimate bending moment of P. natans stems from lakes is also much greater than of stems from a river (9.75•10-3 – 4.25•10-3 Nm as compared to 2.12•10-3 – 1.00•10-3 Nm). The resistance of stems to breaking is directly proportional to the stem and thallus cross sectional areas. On the one hand, in all the studied Cormophyta species, the more resistant stems (in P. natans from stagnant water, in the others from running water) are thicker and characterised by a higher contribution of air spaces in the overall stem cross-section. On the other hand, the stems retain their species specific structure and have a similar proportion of strengthening elements.
The influence of submerged macrophytes on composition, abundance and distribution of epiphytic and benthic chironomids was investigated in five lakes differing in the development of vegetation cover. Studied lakes represented three types, classified according to the concept of Alternative Stable States as: macrophyte dominated MD (dense vegetation), phytoplankton-macrophyte dominated PMD (sparse, patchy vegetation) and phytoplankton dominated PD (lack of submerged vegetation). Both zoocenosis responded differently to the changes in macrophyte cover. The density and biomass of benthic midges (density and biomass per m² of bottom surface) were visibly higher in the patchy vegetated lakes; the abundance of epiphytic chironomids did not show any regularity. The species composition of epiphytic chironomids differed visibly between particular lake types, changed with the decrease of macrophyte cover. The composition of benthic midges was similar in all lake types. The studies showed a strong dependence of the proportion of epiphytic to benthic chironomids on the cover of macrophytes. In MD lakes the phytophilous midges were more abundant than benthic; in PMD lakes we observed the opposite pattern.
The ethyl acetate fractions of aqueous extracts from two submerged macrophytes Potamogeton malaianus and Potamogeton maackianus were analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The allelopathic activities and joint effects of the main components in ethyl acetate fractions on Microcystis aeruginosa were also determined. The results indicated that primary compositions in the ethyl acetate fractions were fatty acids, phenolic acids and hydroxy fatty acids that possessed antialgal activities. The joint effect assay for palmitic acid, benzoic acid and lactic acid showed that the additional effects were observed in the mixed organic acid, namely, the inhibitory effects of mixture groups were stronger than that of each compound alone on the growth of M. aeruginosa.
Large-scale human-caused ecosystem disturbances may create new habitats. A good example may be long-lasting disturbances in five lakes (area from 148 to 379 ha, max. depth from 3 to 38 m) integrated into the cooling system of the power plants near Konin (52°17.8’– 52°23.3N, 18°14.4’–18°20.7’E, West Poland). In the middle of the 1990s Vallisneria spiralis began to colonize littoral zone of three of lakes and in 2002 it appeared also in fourth one. This species formed dense patches and almost completely displaced other submerged macrophytes. An aim of the study was to test a hypothesis that the appearance of rare and new for Polish fauna rotifer species might be a result of changes in littoral habitats of these lakes particularly caused by the invasion by Vallisneria spiralis. Studies were carried out in the years 2004–2006 on 3–6 littoral stations in each lake. Five-liter samples of water with macrophytes were collected from a center of macrophyte beds. Plankton (free-swimming) and epiphytic (connected with macrophyte surface) samples were elaborated separately. As many as 167 monogonont species were recorded during the three-years’ studies. From among them 6 species were new in Polish fauna. These were: Asplanchnopus hyalinus Harring, Beauchampia crucigera (Dutrochet). Lecane inopinata Harring & Myers, Lecane shieli Segers et Sanoamuang, Lecane undulata Hauer and Lepadella apsida Harring. The species are eurythermic or warm-stenothermic. Species new to the rotifer fauna of Poland were not numerous as they usually constituted less than 2% of the total density of rotifers. Thus, although the hypothesis that rare and new for Polish fauna rotifer species may appear in the littoral habitats of the heated Konin lakes was confirmed, it was also clear that the colonization of the habitats by rotifer invaders did not lead to their domination in the rotifer communities.
Background. Thirty species were previously recorded for unstructured habitats (unvegetated soft substrates: USS) in Pantanos de Centla. However, a lack of information on the tropical ichthyofauna of the structured habitats such as marginal vegetation (MV), submerged macrophytes (SM) and coarse woody debris (CWD) emphasizes the importance of the aim of this paper that is the updating the records of the species distributed in these habitats, as they have been frequently reported as high biodiversity sites that are currently threatened by anthropogenic activities. Materials and methods. Sampling was carried out in 30 shallow sites, each with unstructured habitats and the three structured habitats, in Pantanos de Centla, a Ramsar wetland, over a period of three years. Fish were collected with a dip net, a drop net and a Renfro beam net. Results. A total of 6506 fish of 37 genera and 44 species were collected. Eleven species are new records for Pantanos de Centla, and the scientific name of 11 species was updated. The Poeciliidae and Cichlidae families are dominant with 10 and 13 species, respectively. Nine species of the genus Cichlasoma sensu lato were placed in six genera. Three species are new records for the Usumacinta Province. Ctenogobius claytoni, Gobionellus oceanicus, and Rhamdia quelen proved to be synonyms. Of all species, 84% were collected from USS, however, the number of species distributed in USS, MV, and SM was similar (CCj 0.4736-0.5813). Conclusion. Most of the species that were added to the previously recorded species list of Pantanos de Centla, inhabit structured habitats. This confirms the importance of including these habitats in surveys aimed at generating checklists, and of analysing the distribution of fish species in shallow tropical ecosystems.
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