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Diabetes mellitus is the world’s largest endocrine disorder resulting in multiple aetiologies, involving metabolic disorders of carbohydrate, fat and protein. All forms of diabetes are due to a decrease in the circulating concentration of insulin (insulin deficiency) and a decrease in the response of peripheral tissues to insulin i.e., insulin resistance. According to the World Health Organization projections, the prevalence of diabetes is likely to increase by 35% by the year 2025. In this study, the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, the activities of membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) are altered in erythrocytes and in tissues such as liver and kidney. Albino Wistar rats were rendered diabetic by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (40 mg/kg body weight). Diabetic rats exhibited significantly (p<0.05) increased levels of plasma glucose and decreased levels of plasma insulin. The activities of total ATPases, (Na++K+)-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in diabetic control rats. Control and diabetic rats were treated with camel milk (250 mL/day) for a period of 45 days. A group of diabetic rats were also treated with glibenclamide (600 μg/kg body weight). After the treatment period, a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the levels of glucose and increase in the levels of plasma insulin and the activities of ATPases in erythrocytes and tissues were observed in diabetic rats treated with camel milk. A similar effect is also observed in the glibenclamide treated rats. But, control rats treated with camel milk did not show any significant (p<0.05) effect in any of the parameters studied. Our study shows that camel milk has the potential to restore the deranged activities of membrane-bound ATPases in STZ-diabetic rats. Further detailed investigation is necessary to find out its mechanism of action.
Microanatomical changes in the pancreatic islet cells of streptozotocin induced diabetic Wistar rats were studied after treatment with methanolic extracts of Annona muricata leaves. Thirty adult Wistar rats were randomly assigned into three groups (control, untreated diabetic group, and A. muricata-treated diabetic group) of ten rats each. Diabetes mellitus was experimentally induced in groups B and C by a single intra-peritoneal injection of 80 mg/kg streptozotocin dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer. The control rats were intraperitoneally injected with an equivalent volume of citrate buffer. Daily intra peritoneal injections of 100 mg/kg A. muricata were administered to group C rats for two weeks. Post sacrifice the pancreases of the rats were excised and fixed in Bouin’s fluid. The tissues were processed for paraffin embedding and sections of 5 µm thickness were produced and stained with H & E, Gomori aldehyde fuchsin, and chrome alum haematoxylin-phloxine for demonstration of the β-cells of islets of pancreatic islets. Histomorphological and morphometric examination of the stained pancreatic sections showed a significant increase in the number, diameter, and volume of the β-cells of pancreatic islets of the A. muricata-treated group (5.67 ± 0.184 N/1000 µm², 5.38 ± 0.093 µm and 85.12 ± 4.24 µm³, respectively) when compared to that of the untreated diabetic group of rats (2.85 ± 0.361 N/1000 µm², 2.85 ± 0.362 µm and 69.56 ± 5.216 µm³, respectively). The results revealed regeneration of the β-cells of islets of pancreatic islet of rats treated with extract of A. muricata. (Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 2: 92–100)
Abstract The first changes in rat testicle haemomicrocircular channel links ultrastructural arrangement are noticed already in a 2-week run of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, and accumulate throughout next periods of the experiment. Angiopathy is a trigger mechanism for diabetic development of testicle structural changes. This finding is a basis for further morphologist and clinicist surveys for the purpose of new diabetic testicle pathology diagnostics, prevention, and elaboration of treatment techniques.
The "remodelling" of cardiac sarcolemma in diabetes is believed to underlie the reduced sensitivity of diabetic hearts due to their overload with extracellular calcium. Along with a non-enzymatic glycosylation and the free radical-derived glycoxidation of sarcolemmal proteins there is ongoing reduction in cardiomyocyte membrane fluidity, the modulator of cardiac sarcolemmal functioning. Aminoguanidine derivatives, that inhibit glycation and glycoxidation, might suppress myocardium "remodelling" occurring in diabetic heart. To verify this hypothesis, we studied physical parameters of cardiac sarcolemma from the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (45 mg.kg-1 i.m.) treated with resorcylidene aminoguanidine (RAG, 4 or 8 mg.kg-1 i.m.). The treatment with RAG not only completely abolished protein glycation and a generation of free oxygen species (p<0.001) in treated diabetic animals, but also considerably attenuated the decrease in sarcolemmal membrane fluidity (p<0.001). In diabetic animals the "normalizatio". of the sarcolemmal membrane fluidity was accompanied by the vastly increased susceptibility of diabetic hearts to be overload with external calcium. We concluded that the decreased fluidity of the sarcolemmal membrane, apparently linked to the excessive glycation of sarcolemmal membrane proteins, might be intimately connected with the adaptation mechanism(s) that are likely to develop in diabetic heart to protect it against the overload with external calcium.
Insulin insufficiency and increased glucose levels are the major features of diabetes type 1 leading to cognitive dysfunctions and neurodegeneration. A reason why different brain structures are characterized by diverse response to increased glucose level is not known. Our previous study showed increased ceramide levels in the brains of rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection, which was abolished by myriocin, the inhibitor of serine palmitylotransferase. Ceramides may be important mediators of neuropathological changes and its elevation was found in many brain disorders. The main goal of our present study was to verify if hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and cerebellum response differently to hyperglycemia/hypoinsulinemia in terms of changes in sphingolipids concentrations. We attempted to identify potential source of ceramides by measuring the sphingomyelinase concentrations and by blocking the ceramide de novo synthesis pathway. We found that in cerebellum and hippocampus of hyperglycemic animals sphingolipids concentrations underwent subtle modifications while prefrontal cortex exhibited massive changes in ceramides and SMs content. Total ceramide levels was significantly elevated in prefrontal cortex of diabetic rats, which was reduced by myriocin, while rats exposed to STZ showed only small increase of total SM in this brain structure. The increased content of ceramides containing SAFAs (saturated fatty acids) in prefrontal cortex was diminished by myriocin. SAFA-contained SMs did not present changes. Elevation of MUFA- (monounsaturated fatty acids), and PUFA-ceramides (polyunsaturated fatty acids) in prefrontal cortex of STZ-treated rats was reduced by myriocin, similarly as MUFA-SMs augmentation. PUFA-ceramides and PUFA-SMs experienced only slight modifications. Both – ceramides and omega-6 – SMs increased dramatically and were downregulated by myriocin. We conclude that the prefrontal cortex may be particularly sensitive to hyperglycemic conditions and hypoinsulinemia. Moreover, the novo synthesis seems to be an important pathway of ceramide generation since usage of myriocin strongly reduced ceramide levels enhanced by STZ injection. Augmentation in ceramide content was correlated with enhancement of SMs production. These unexpected results may be explained by the incorporation of redundant ceramides into SMs, a mechanism by which the toxic level of ceramides is reduced in the brain. Supported by grant 123-27575 P from the State Committee for Scientific Research, Warsaw, Poland
Delayed gastric emptying in patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) occurs in approximately 50% of these patients. However, the role and the action mechanism of insulin on gastrointestinal (GI) motility are still unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 in the effects of insulin on gastric emptying in male rats. The normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-pretreated rats were injected intraperitoneally with or without insulin, atropine and specific muscarinic receptor antagonists before examination of measurement of gastric emptying, spontaneous contractile activity of smooth muscle strips, plasma cholecystokinin (CCK), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) analysis. Protein expression of COX-2 and insulin receptors (IRs) were analyzed by the technique of western blot. Acute different doses of insulin accelerated gastric emptying. Atropine interrupted the insulin effect on gastric emptying, and muscarnic M1/M3 receptor antagonists interrupted the insulin-reversed gastric emptying in normal and DM rats. Besides, we observed the expression of (IRs) in GI and found that IR was changed under the insulin and DM treatment, and was also different between STZ-pretreated rats and hyperglycemic rats. Expression of COX-2 in stomach was decreased in DM rats but restored by insulin. The COX inhibitor, indomethacin, decreased the gastric emptying which was induced or reversed by insulin in normal and DM rats, respectively. PGE2 production in stomach corresponded to the COX-2 expression. The contraction of GI smooth muscle stimulated by PGE2 was increased in insulin-pretreated normal and DM rats. We conclude that insulin changed the expression of IRs in stomach in DM rats. The delayed GI motility in diabetes was at least in part due to the COX-2 and PGE2 pathway which associated with decreasing COX-2 and diminishing PGE2 production in stomach. The attenuation of PGE2 production was employed for the index of the reduction of smooth muscle contraction in stomach in diabetes. Insulin stimulated the smooth muscle contraction through the IRs and COX-2 expression plus PGE2 production in rat stomach as well as reversed the delayed gastric emptying via the nervous actions of muscarinic M1 and M3 receptors in DM rats.
 1-methylnicotinamide (MNA) is a primary metabolite of nicotinamide. In recent years several activities of MNA have been described, such as anti-inflammatory activity in skin diseases, induction of prostacyclin synthesis via COX-2, aortal endothelium protection in diabetes and hypertriglyceridaemia and increased survival rate of diabetic rats. 1-methylnicotinamide was also suggested to protect pancreatic cells from streptozotocin in vivo. Streptozotocin toxicity is known to be mediated by poly-ADP-ribose polymerase. Nicotinamide and its derivatives have been shown to ameliorate poly-ADP-ribose polymerase-dependent nucleotide pool reduction. We aimed to verify if 1-methylnicotinamide and its metabolite, N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, can protect insulinoma cells from streptozotocin-induced toxicity. We found that N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, but not 1-methylnicotinamide, restores the pool of ATP and NAD+ in streptozotocin-treated cells, but neither compound improved the cell viability. We conclude that inhibition of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase-dependent nucleotide pool reduction may not be sufficient to protect cells from streptozotocin toxicity.
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