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The article reviews the policy of bluetongue (BT) control in Europe until 2000 and the new strategy adopted in November this year. The control strategy applied until 2000 was consistent with the Directive 92/119/EEC of 17 December 1992, which involved the use of direct control methods, such as the demarcation of a 3-km radius protection zone and a 10-km radius surveillance zone around each infected farm, as well as the slaughter of all susceptible animals on the infected farm and possibly on neighboring farms. This strategy was modified in the autumn of 2000 by the Directive 2000/75/EC, as it became obvious that the stamping-out approach was completely inadequate in dealing with vector-borne diseases, such us bluetongue or epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD). According to this directive, the primary strategy for BT control should be based on the strict control of the transfer of susceptible animals from zones considered infected and on vaccination in the protection zone. The areas subject to movement restrictions are defined on the basis of intensive clinical, serological and entomological surveillance. Moreover, a strict quarantine of animals and herds is applied, as well as a safe utilization of dead animals and disinfection of animals, buildings and environment with insecticides. By the Commission Decision 2008/655/WE, the strategy for BT control also includes vaccinations aimed at reducing the spread of the virus in the environment, and measures to ensure safe movement of susceptible animals between affected and free zones. A BT control policy that combines administrative methods with prophylactic vaccination of all susceptible animals, supplemented by the application of insecticides to control Culicoides midges in the environment, is currently the most effective strategy for BT eradication.
This paper contains main points of the scientific opinion prepared by EFSA in 2018 on the request of the European Commission on the ASF epidemic in wild boar in Eastern-Central Europe, which started in 2014 and is existing and increasing until the present time. The first point is providing an estimate of the wild boar density in the European Union (EU). The next item is presenting the opinion on the latest epidemiological data to identify thresholds in wild boar density that do not allow sustaining the disease in different settings. The third question and answer concerns wild boar and feral pigs depopulation methods or population reduction methods. The fourth chapter is reviewing fencing methods demonstrating to temporarily protect crops from damage, caused by wild boar or feral swine. Currently there is no evidence, that large-scale fences have been effective for the containment of wild boar or feral pigs. The answer to the fifth question on surveillance strategy contains information on sample size, frequency of sampling and identification of possible risk groups for early detection of ASFV in naïve wild boar population. Passive surveillance is according to the opinion of EFSA the most effective and efficient method of surveillance for early detection of ASF in wild boar. For early detection through passive surveillance, the aim is to test as many “found dead” animals as possible. Based on current knowledge and experiences for an intervention to be successful, there is a need to detect an ASF incursion while it is spatially contained. The sixth topic of the EFSA scientific opinion requests to review successful methodologies used in the past, as for example the mentioned passive surveillance. It is recommended that this should be done in discussion among specialists from the UE countries. Good collaborations with hunters is recommended.
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