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The article analyzes the features of the housing estate that make it an innovative form of urban planning and development. The housing estate, the origins of which date back to the 19th century, understood as a model of town construction and development used in an intentional and planned way, came into wide usage in the 20th century. Initially, the housing estate model was a little short of social utopia. Realisation of this model in practice led to the creation of heavily criticised huge residential complexes, commonly known as „the projects" [blokowiska]. Currently, construction of the projects has been abandoned which does not mean that the idea of establishing housing estates within cites is no longer practised. This is evidenced, e.g., by the currently widespread practice of building the so-called fenced estates. It would seem that solutions inherent to the housing estate concept - from both the social and urban planning perspectives, still have potential that could contribute to a healthy development of residential areas in cities (issues of providing safety to residents, creation of an environment friendly to children and the elderly; providing housing to people with lower income, helping to realise the ideal of environment-friendly life style, and others).
The research of the sanitary state in three waters’ reservoirs situated within the area of three municipal park of Warsaw: Glinianki Szczęśliwickie, Glinianki Moczydłowskie and Jeziorko Kamionkowskie. The selected sanitary parameters of water quality in Reservoirs (bacteriological and chemical) were analyzed in May and July 2007. There was described existenexistence of fecal indicators in bacteriological analysis: Escherichia coli (MPN, index), Streptococcus faecalis (MPN, index), Clostridium perfringens (general amount of CFU). There was indicated also amount of mesophiles and psychrophiles bacteria (general amount of CFU). The chemical analysis included basic indicators of water pollution (BOD5 with the addition of a nitrifi cation inhibitor, TOC, TN). Results shows that sanitary pollution of water is quite high and organic pollution is very high. This pollution probably is as a result of human activity (sewage). Investigated reservoirs contain water, which is danger for human health. Those reservoirs cannot be used as a swimming pool and are only element of the landscape which can increase it`s complexity.
Rapid economic changes, the revolution in the IT and telecommunication coupled with the demise of some industrial sectors lead to changes in urban management structures. The number of people employed in the manufacturing industry decreases while the service sector (banking in particular) employs increasingly more workforce. Consequently, increasingly more industrial areas become disused, thus creating the need for their regeneration.
Soil examinations made in 5 regions of Poland in the 1990s comprised 1184 samples taken from urban areas and 590 samples from suburban and rural areas. Toxocara spp. eggs were found more often in urban areas (14% positive samples) than in suburban and rural once (12% positive samples). The average ratio of positive samples was: in the streets and roads - 19,3% (0,36 eggs/100g of soil), near houses (backyards, gardens) - 18,6% (1,11 eggs/100g), in sandpits - 13,0% (0,23/100g), in parks and public gardens - 10,5% (0,46 eggs/100g), on playgrounds and playing fields 9,4% (0,06 eggs/100g) and on the beaches - 3,4% (0,03 eggs/100g). In children habitual play areas the prevalence of T. cati eggs was higher than T. canis eggs.
Opracowanie to jest kontynuacją innego artykułu autorki: Chłopskie systemy wartości jako inspiracja dla polskich społeczności alternatywnych, który został opublikowany we „Wsi i Rolnictwie” nr 3/2006. Omówiono w nim działalność społeczną grup „nowoosadniczych”. Punktem wyjścia dla refleksji na temat charakterystyki pracy organizowanych stowarzyszeń i adekwatności ich propozycji na potrzeby społeczności lokalnej jest opis preferencji kulturalnych w środowiskach wiejskich i małomiasteczkowych, do których „nowoosadnicy” adresują swą działalność społeczną. Działania społeczno-edukacyjne na wsi nie są oczywiście domeną „nowoosadników”. Także zjawisko przenoszenia się z miasta na wieś stało się tematem zainteresowania świata naukowego. Rozpatruje się je na wielu płaszczyznach, w tym w kontekście rozwijania się nowej warstwy inteligencji wiejskiej. Artykuł stara się odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy rzeczywiście pojawiające się na polskiej wsi osadnictwo inteligenckie może służyć pomocą w kształtowaniu się nowego oblicza tych terenów.
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Stan drzew pomnikowych w Świdnicy

84%
The work analyses the condition of forty nine trees in Świdnica (in the Lower Silesian Voivodship). The listed trees in this town belong to eighteen species, half of which are native and half foreign to our flora. The vast majority are angiosperms. The majority of the listed trees at Świdnica are English Oak (Quercus robur), the rarest examples include Common Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum), White Mulberry (Morus alba), False Acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia) and Dutch Elm (Ulmus ×hollandica). The majority (59.2%) of the trees are in good health, while 22.4% require urgent arboricultural work.
On the area were research was conducted the most important stress factors on checked area were dry soil, not enough oxygen in the soil, soil compaction, salinity, alkaline soil, mechanical damages, pollution of the air. The most damaging for tree condition is accumulation of few factors, for example high temperature, drought and salinity. The most difficult stress conditions were recognised on streets with high traffic; Targowa, Solidarności, Jagiellońska, Kłopotowskiego. Streets with lower traffic have a problem of restricted soil for rooting and not porous pavements. Destroyed soil and water conditions have the biggest impact on deterioration of tree vitality and long life chances. Conducted studies proofed that soil mast be protected. Knowledge of trees reactions helps to take responsible decision concerning urban forest management.
Current cities, increasingly growing and dense in terms of the population and infrastructure, trigger harmful effects having an adverse impact on the human health and living conditions, culture and on the city itself. The author presents a number of examples. Due to this, projects to remedy these nuisances and implementation of solutions related to the utilisation of the natural environment proposed in the article are required.
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