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Lymphocyte-induced angiogenesis (LIA), a vascular response was observed when allogenic immunocompetent lymphocytes of C3H/w mice infected with Trichinella spiralis were inoculated intradermally into irradiated BALB/c. It was shown that intestinal phase of T. spiralis infection stimulated mainly CD5 T cells dependent angiogenesis. The enhancement of angiogenesis did not occur in the early and late muscular phases of the infection. It is suggested, that changes in the intensity of angiogenesis may play a role in spreading of new-born larvae in the host.
 In the beginning of the 20th century, enzymes with proteolytic activity were classified as peptidases, Erepsin, and proteases. Among these, pepsin, trypsin, and autolytic enzymes were of the protease class. Spleen-derived proteases were poorly characterized until Sven Gustaf Hedin performed several digestion experiments with bovine spleen. He incubated minced bovine spleen under acidic or neutral conditions and characterized two active proteases; the results were published in 1903. The first protease was named α-protease and was active under neutral conditions. The second was named β-protease and was active under acidic conditions. We replicated Hedin's experiments according to his methods and found, by using activity-based probes to visualize proteases, that the historical α-protease is the present-day serine protease cathepsin G (CatG), which is known to be important in several immune processes, including antigen processing, chemotaxis, and activation of surface receptors. The β-protease, however, comprised different proteases including CatX, B, S, and D. We suggest that Hedin described CatG activity in bovine spleen over 100 years ago.
The interaction of CD28 with one of the B7 molecules (CD80 and CD86) on professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) is generally considered to be the most important co-stimulatory signal for T cell activation. Several lines of evidence suggest that dendritic cells (DC), the most potent antigen presenting cells known, play a role in the immunological control of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections. The fact that CD86 is strongly up-regulated together with other co-stimulatory molecules during DC maturation suggests that it plays an important role in induction of immune response. To determine the effect of virulence on up-regulation of CD86, we stimulated population of spleen cells enriched in dendritic cells by HSV-1 strains characterised by different pathogenicity. We analysed cells, which express CD45 molecule. HSV-1 ts, earlier described as less virulent for mice, stimulated an increased expression of co-stimulatory molecule CD86 than wild strain did.
 Liver is a unique mammalian organ with a great capacity of regeneration related to its function. After surgical resection or injury, hepatic cells, especially hepatocytes, can proliferate rapidly to repair the damage and to regenerate the structure without affecting the function of the liver. Loss of catalase activity during regeneration indicates that oxidative stress is present in the liver not only in pathological conditions but also as a "physiological" factor during regeneration. As we have shown in our previous work, liver stem cell-like cells treated with 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), a cytotoxic and growth regulating lipid peroxidation product, recover in the presence of spleen cells. In the current study we characterized this novel cell line as liver-derived progenitor/oval-like cells, (LDP/OCs), i.e. functional liver stem-like cells. We showed that LDP/OC were OV6 positive, with abundant glycogen content in the cytoplasm and expressed α-fetoprotein, albumin, biliverdin reductase and γ-glutamyl transferase. Also, we compared their growth in vitro with the growth of cultured primary hepatocytes stressed with HNE and co-cultured with autologous spleen cells. The influence of spleen cells on HNE-treated primary hepatocytes and on LDP/OCs showed that spleen cells support in a similar manner the recovery of both types of liver cells indicating their important role in regeneration. Hence, LDP/OC cells may provide a valuable tool to study cell interactions and the role on HNE in liver regeneration.
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