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The aim of this research was to show, that sorption and desorption processes of organic hydrophobic compounds on humic acid fraction can influence the microbial degradation rates of contaminants. This study was carried out in the Netherlands in 1996. Chlorinated benzene (pentachlorobenzene QCB) and a polychlorinated biphenyl (2.5-dichlorobiphenyl) were used as a model compounds.
Effects of temperature and glycerol concentration on rheological properties of potato starch solutions were investi- gated. The flow behaviour (shear stress against shear rate) was fitted to various models: power law, Herschel-Bulkley, Bingham, modified Bingham and Casson models. However, it was found that the Herschel-Bulkley model describes better the flow behaviour observed at various temperatures and glycerol concentrations, for flow behaviour index values between 0.44 and 0.78, typical of pseudoplastic solutions. The effect of glycerol concentration on each of the fitting parameters for Herschel-Bulkley model was well modelled by a second-degree polynomial at various temperatures. The simultaneous influence of glycerol concentration and tempe- rature on shear stress could be represented empirically by a second- degree polynomial function that includes linear coupling between concentration and temperature. Finally, the variation of the con- sistency coefficient with both temperature and glycerol concentra- tion was well described by an exponential expression, with an acti- vation energy value of 2.78 kJ mol -1 . The results indicate that both glycerol content and temperature have the effect of diluting potato starch solutions.
The paper deals with the conformal mapping of a plane, finite, simply connected domain, representing the southern segment of the Gulf of Gdańsk, enclosed from the North by a parallel, tangential to Cape Rozewie. The segment contains the Hel Peninsula. The method of double decomposition, presented in Prosnak & Cześnik (2001), is applied to the transformation of such an original domain onto a canonical one, which consists of two separate unit discs. The first decomposition concerns the domain which is split into two adjacent subdomains by means of a segment of a straight line. The second decomposition involves two holomorphic functions, each one mapping a subdomain onto a separate disc. The decomposition consists in replacing the function by a sequence of simple ones, so that the mapping is performed step-wise. Each sequence starts with the Schwarz-Christoffel function, the last step consisting in an inversion that transforms an infinite circular domain onto a disc. The data for the problem is contained in the Annex, and is represented by two sets of rectangular coordinates defining consecutive discrete points of the contours bounding the subdomains. The solution to the problem consists of: – two sets of functions, consecutively transforming each of the subdomains; – the numerical values of the parameters of these functions; – a set of figures illustrating the consecutive transformations. The accuracy of the first, and of the penultimate transformation are given, because only in the case of these two functions do the unknown coefficients have to be determined by means of a suitable iterative process. The coefficients of all the remaining functions are evaluated from exact formulae. It should be recalled that the depth of the Gulf of Gdańsk varies considerably – from a few to 110 metres – the gradients of the bottom being rather large. Therefore, the domain of the solution for any mathematical problem describing the hydrodynamical phenomena occurring in the Gulf is usually taken to be three-dimensional. Nevertheless, the paper deals with the transformation of the free surface of the Gulf, assumed as plane. It should be emphasized that this assumption does not mean that the whole domain of the solution has to be regarded as plane.
Chemical nature, thermodynamic and kinetic properties of metal cations in aqueous solutions are de­scribed and discussed in terms of structural factors controlling physical properties of the systems. The structure of hydrated cations, reaction mechanism of water exchange on the cations, hydrolytic phenomena and acidity of the cations are presented. Correlations between coordination states of the salts in and bulk properties of the solutions are indicated. Elements of aquatic chemistry are presented.
Intensive cultivation of plants in the monoculture field system in order to feed the continuously growing human population creates a need for their protection from the variety of natural competitors such as: bacteria, fungi, insects as well as other plants. The increase in the use of chemical substances in the 20th century has brought many effective solutions for the agriculture. However, it was extremely difficult to obtain a substance, which would be directed solely against a specific plant pathogen and would not be harmful for the environment. In the late 1900's scientists began trying to use natural antagonisms between resident soil organism to protect plants. This phenomenon was named biocontrol. Biological control of plants by microorganisms is a very promising alternative to an extended use of pesticides, which are often expensive and accumulate in plants or soil, having adverse effects on humans. Nonpathogenic soil bacteria living in association with roots of higher plants enhance their adaptive potential and, moreover, they can be beneficial for their growth. Here, we present the current status of the use of Bacillus subtilis in biocontrol. This prevalent inhabitant of soil is widely recognized as a powerful biocontrol agent. Naturally present in the immediate vicinity of plant roots, B. subtilis is able to maintain stable contact with higher plants and promote their growth. In addition, due to its broad host range, its ability to form endospores and produce different biologically active compounds with a broad spectrum of activity, B. subtilis as well as other Bacilli are potentially useful as biocontrol agents.
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