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In case of small animals the endoscopic examination of the digestive tract may apply to the endoscopy of esophagus, stomach and duodenum, which is described as the examination of the anterior part of the digestive tract (panendoscopy), or may be limited to examination of rectum and colon, which is described as endoscopy of the posterior part of the digestive tract. The examination was performed in the 12 cats of European race, various sex, 2-6 years of age and divided into 2 groups. We received some interesting results: Fibroscopy of the anterior part of digestive tract is a safe and very useful diagnostic technique to recognise esophagus, stomach and duodenum illnesses in cats. Olympus XQ 20 pediatric fibroscope can be used in endoscopy of the anterior part of digestive tract in cats. Esophagoscopy might be performed with stiff endoscope, which is of little use in gastroscopy.
We studied molecular and morphological variation in small fruit-eating bats (Artibeus) in northern South America to establish species boundaries, evolutionary relationships, and distributional limits. Although this is a speciose genus with some of the most common bats in Neotropical forests, resolution of taxonomy and their identification has been difficult. Our molecular phylogeny based on Bayesian and parsimony analyses of cytochrome b variation includes a well supported topology of A. glaucus glaucus sister to a clade of A. gnomus and A. glaucus bogotensis indicating that A. glaucus is a paraphyletic amalgam. A re-assessment of morphology corroborates differences between A. g. bogotensis from the Andean valleys of Colombia east into the Guianas and A. g. glaucus from western Amazonia. Thus, we recognize A. bogotensis and A. glaucus as distinct and allopatrically occurring species. Based on a Kimura-2 parameter model of substitution for cytochrome b, there was 1.2% sequence divergence within A. bogotensis, and 9.5% sequence divergence between A. bogotensis and A. glaucus. Compared to A. glaucus, A. bogotensis has prominent white facial stripes, a less hirsute interfemoral membrane, less robust orbitorostral region, and also lacks a small third lower molar. Within the Guiana region, there are three species with overlapping distributions (A. bogotensis, A. cinereus, and A. gnomus), however, they are sympatric only within the interior lowland forest near savannas. All other habitats including coastal forest, lowland forest, savanna, and highland forest have only two sympatric species, one of which is relatively more abundant (> 70%)
The management of comminuted tibial fractures is a challenging problem in small animal orthopedics. External skeletal fixators with Maynard clamps and Schanz pins are commonly used for the osteosynthesis of such fractures. The aim of this study was to perform a clinical assessment of Schanz pins with type 11 frame external fixators in the treatment of comminuted tibial fractures, and the possibility of pin changing when osteolysis and pins loosening appear using Maynard clamps. Schanz pins and external fixators were applied in five dogs. The healing of the treated tibia bones was noted in all cases. Radiological signs of osteolysis, pin loosening and pin tract discharge were observed in two dogs. The results obtained indicate that Schanz pins with type II frame external fixators are reliable and easily manageable. It was also ascertained that Maynard clamps are especially useful for quick pin changing.
The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence of zoonotic arthropod parasites in small animals sold in selected pet stores in the Cracow area. The research was conducted in seven pet stores, keeping a total of six species of rodents and three species of birds. In two shops, two species of mites of the order Mesostigmata were detected on the animals and in their surrounding: Dermanyssus gallinae, the poultry red mite, and Ornithonyssus bacoti, the rat mite. Both observed species of mites may be harmful to animals, as well as to people working in the shops or potential pet owners. This study discusses the possible origin of the parasites and their importance to human health.
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