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The aim of the study was to determine the level of vascularization of neoplastic and healthy splenic parenchyma tissue in dogs. The first research group comprised spleen samples with diagnosed tumor changes extracted during splenectomy. Four male and five female dogs, aged between 8 and 13 years and of various races, were operated on. The second group comprised 10 samples of healthy spleen tissue extracted post-mortem. After staining with haematoxylin and eosin, the samples were diagnosed and the tumor type classified according to the official WHO classification. In order to render the vascular endothelium visible, immunohistochemical staining was performed with the use of the polyclonal antibody against the von Willebrand factor F VIII and the DAKO EnVision system. Angiogenesis that was observed in malignant spleen cancer tissue was intensified in comparison to that in healthy perenchyma tissue. The mean vascular density observed in malignant splenic tumors was 87 capillary vessels/mm². The mean vessel density was 60/mm² in lymphomas, while in angiosarcomas it averaged 108/mm². In healthy splenic tissue the observed mean vascular density was 14 vessels/mm². The highest vascular density was noted in tumors with metastases to other abdominal cavity organs (mean - 132 vessels/mm²). The observations may provide practitioners with a valuable prognostic insight into the potential danger of metastasis.
The aim of the research was to monitor the influence of neonatal thymectomy on the reactivity of chicken spleen structures. The investigations were carried out on chickens with the thymus removed on the 1st day after hatching and with antigen administered in the form of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) at the age of 12 weeks. On days 6, 14 and 21 after antigen administration the spleen was taken out and histological slides were prepared. On the established area of HE slides germinal centres were counted and mature centres of type I and immature ones of type II were distinguished. Reaction to the acid phosphatase (APh) was done by the Gomori method. The results of the reaction was read on the established area within the periarterial lymphatic tissue (PAL) using the Thomson point method. It was found that neonatal thymectomy leads to a decrease in the number of germinal centres and simultaneously to the reduction of the intensity of APh reaction within the spleen PAL. Following immunization of the thymectomized chickens, in comparison to the control (group) a change of kinetics of germinal centers formation was discovered, mainly of type I. It was ascertained that in the succeeding days after the antigen administration the intensity of APh reaction within PAL was directly proportional to the number of immature germinal centres of type II. The results demonstrated a distinct association between the bursodependent and thymodependent spleen structures reactivity and confirmed the importance of the functional state of the thymus.
The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of splenic diseases in dogs. 97 samples of spleen tissues and spleen tumors were obtained during laparotomy in veterinary clinics and send for histopathological evaluation. The medical records were reviewed for sex, breed and age of animals and type of steated splenomegaly (diffuse or nodular). The tissue samples for histopathology were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 5-6 µm, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin method or others if needed. Primary and metastatic tumors of the spleen were the most commonly determined pathology (57% splenic lesions), nonneoplastic ones were more seldom observed. The most common type of splenic tumors was haemangiosarcoma (40% of splenic neoplasms), then spindle cellular sarcomas (24%), lymphomas (16%), more seldom were haemangiomas and metastatic tumors. Hemangiosarcomas were observed most commonly in male German shepherd dogs, 10 years of age. The majority of nonneoplastic lesions determined diffuse or local circulatory disturbances and hematomas, hyperplastic changes were rarely observed. The association between type of splenomegaly and kind of splenic lesions was not determined, but the nodular splenomegaly was more frequently observed in cases of hematomas and neoplasms of endothelial origin.
The research objective was to demonstrate the course of Vitamin C synthesis process in geese from the 1st to the 56th day of life as compared to the growth of organ and body mass. The level of Vitamin C was determined according to Roe-Kuethers method in the glandular stomach, jejunum, kidneys and spleen. It was proved that in geese in their embrional stage, the greatest amount of Vitamin C was synthesized by the kidneys - 214.5 mg/kg tissue, then the spleen - 212.6 mg/kg, a slighty lesser amount by the glandular stomach - 154.0 mg/kg and by the jejunum - 148.5 mg/kg tissue. In the first 56 days of life, the glandular stomach synthesized about 220 mg/kg tissue Vitamin C. The body mass growth was higher than glandular stomach mass (51.64 times and 15.91 times). It should be stated that the glandular stomach in this time period provides less and less Vitamin C. Intensive renal, spleen and jejunum mass growth (175.4 times, 380 times and 59.94 times respectively) caused a considerable increase of the Vitamin synthesis by the whole organs.
The study was carried out to evaluate the influence of feed restriction on the reactivity of lymphatic structures of the white spleen pulp in chickens; it lasted 49 days and used Leghorn breed chickens. During the last period of the study some of the chickens received the same diet as earlier, but were also subjected to skip-a-day regimen (chicken were deprived of feed 1 day and consumed feed on the alternate day). The material was taken on the 49th day of the experiment, after 14 or 21 days of feed restriction and body weight, relative weight of the spleen, Bursa of Fabricius and adrenal glands were evaluated. The number of germinal centres was analysed on the spleen sections as well as the reaction to acid phosphates (APh) which was evaluated in the mature and newly formed germinal centres (I and II type) and in the periellipsoidal (PEL) and periarterioral (PAL) lymphatic tissue. It was determined that feed access restriction causes not only a decrease in body weight but also, through its action as a stressor agent, leads to a decrease in the weight of the lymphatic organs (spleen and Bursa of Fabricius). The APh reaction analysis showed its diversified intensity in the investigated structures of the spleen. The feed deprivation period lasting 14 days resulted in a change in the mutual relations of both types of germinal centres (increase in the number of newly formed centres in comparison to the number of mature centres). This was accompanied by the activation of APh reactions in II type centres and in the PAL. The mature germinal centres (I type) and periellipsoidal lymphatic tissue (PEL) appeared to be less sensitive to the applied experimental factor. However, prolonging fodder access restrictions up to 21 days, led to a weakening of the APh reaction in all the examined spleen structures. The obtained results indicate the essential role that nutritional factors play in the lymphatic systems reactivity, as well as displaying the complexity of the mechanisms of lymphatic system activity disorders in birds exposed to stressors.
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