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Galectin-1 is a soluble carbohydrate-binding protein with a particularly high expression in skeletal muscle. Galectin-1 has been implicated in skeletal muscle development and in adult muscle regeneration, but also in the degeneration of neuronal processes and/or in peripheral nerve regeneration. Exogenously supplied oxidized galectin-1, which lacks carbohydrate-binding properties, has been shown to promote neurite outgrowth after sciatic nerve sectioning. In this study, we compared the expression of galectin-1 mRNA and immunoreactivity in innervated and denervated mouse and rat hind-limb and hemidiaphragm muscles. The results show that galectin-1 mRNA expression and immunoreactivity are up-regulated following denervation. The galectin-1 mRNA is expressed in the extrasynaptic and perisynaptic regions of the muscle, and its immunoreactivity can be detected in both regions by Western blot analysis. The results are compatible with a role for galectin-1 in facilitating reinnervation of denervated skeletal muscle.
The regeneration of skeletal muscles is a suitable model to study the development and differentiation of contractile tissues. Neural effects are one of the key factors in the regulation of this process. In the present work, effects of different reinnervation protocols (suture or grafting) were studied upon the regenerative capacity of rat soleus muscles treated with the venom of the Australian tiger snake, notexin, which is known to induce complete necrosis and subsequent regeneration of muscles. Mor­phological and motor endplate analysis indicated that the regenerative capacity of denervated, and thereafter surgically reinnervated muscles remains impaired com­pared to that of normally innervated muscles, showing differences in the muscle size, fiber type pattern and motor endplate structure, even 35 days after the notexin injec­tion. A lack or deficiency of secreted neural factors, deterioration of satellite cells and/or incomplete recovery of the sutured or grafted nerves may be the cause of these discrepancies in the regeneration process.
Adenosine deaminase activity was shown to decrease in each skeletal muscle type (the slow-twitch oxydative, fast-twitch oxydative - glycolytic and fast-twitch glycolytic) at the beginning of exercise of moderate intensity and to return to the control when exercise was continued till exhaustion. 5 min occlusion of the femoral artery had no effect on the enzyme activity in either muscle. The reduction of the enzyme activity at the onset of exercise could result in reduction of adenosine breakdown and thus contribute to vasodilation at this stage of increased contractile activity of the muscles.
The origin of characteristic torocyte-like shape of vesicles derived from transverse tubule in triad junction of skeletal muscles is studied theoretically. Two possible mechanisms are suggested. The first is the minimization of membrane bending energy where the special intermediate molecular structures in the central region of the vesicle is assumed to protect the opposing bilayers to come in the direct contact. The second mechanism is based on the assumption that the characteristic shape of the vesicles may be explained by non-homogenous lateral distribution of anisotropic membrane components.
The aim of the study was to observe the effect of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E supplementation on the course of the regeneration process of the longissimus lumborum muscle after bupivacaine-induced myonecrosis as well as to determine the correlation between the level of those substances in plasma and their levels in damaged and non-damaged muscular tissue in pigs. The obtained results indicate that the course of regeneration of a damaged muscle is affected to a higher extent by coenzyme Q10 than by vitamin E. The administration of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E has a significant impact on the increase in the level of those substances in damaged muscles and plasma of animals.
Calpains — non-lysosomal intracellular calcium-activated neutral proteinases, form a family consisting of several distinct members. Two of the isoenzymes: ji (calpain I) and m (calpain II) responded differently to the injury during complete regeneration of Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle and partial regeneration of Soleus muscle. In the crushed EDL the level of m-calpain on the 3rd and 7th day of regeneration was higher than in non-operated muscles, whereas the activity of this calpain in injured Soleus decreased. The level of n-calpain in EDL oscillated irregularly during regeneration whereas in Soleus of both injured and contralateral muscles its level rapidly rose. Our results support the hypothesis that m-calpain is involved in the process of fusion of myogenic cells whereas u-calpain plays a significant but indirect role in muscle regeneration.
Cytotoxic potential of melamine was evaluated with the use of two in vitro models i.e. cell cultures of rat hepatoma (line FaO) and rat skeletal muscle (line L6). The cultures were exposed for 24, 48, and 72 h to melamine at eight concentrations, ranged from 0.01 to 10 mM. Four different assays were applied in which various biochemical endpoints were assessed: mitochondrial activity - MTT reduction assay, proliferation - Commassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) dye binding assay, lysosomal activity - neutral red uptake (NRU) assay, and membrane integrity - LDH release assay. Effective concentrations (EC₂₀, EC₅₀, EC₈₀) were calculated from concentration-response curves, and then they were averaged over three independently conducted experiments. It was found that MTT assay was the most sensitive to this compound. After 48 h exposure EC₅₀ values (mM, mean ± SD) for FaO and L6 cells were 6.4 ± 0.62, and 8.2 ± 1.51, respectively. The inhibition of lysosomal activity measured by NRU assay, and damage of plasma membrane measured by LDH assay were detected in L6 (but not in FaO) cells; however, the effects took place after longer (72 h) exposure. At that time EC₅₀ values were 5.2 mM and 9.2 mM for NRU and LDH, respectively. In spite of the low cytotoxicity of melamine, more studies are needed for hazard identification and characterization of the compound.
Torlińska T., Rutkowska D., Hryniewiecki T., Paluszak J.: In vivo effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on adenine nucleotide levels in the liver and skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1990, 41 (7): 75-83. The present report indicates that 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) at a single dose causing reduction of Т„ has no influence on liver and skeletal muscle content of ATP, ADP and AMP, the ATP/ADP ratio, energy charge potential (ECP) and total adenine nucleotides (TAN). After administration of 2-DG for 3) successive days, the level of ATP, ATP/ADP ratio, the values of ECP and TAN are decreased both in the liver nad skeletal muscle. However, 72 hours after the last injection of 2-DG adenine nucleotide contents returned to the values observed in control group, indicating that the in vivo effect of this glucose analogue is fully reversible.
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