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Hadrosaurus foulkii was the first dinosaur known outside Europe from partially complete skeletal elements. It is the holotype of the family Hadrosauridae and the subfamily Hadrosaurinae. The history of its discovery and taxonomy is reviewed, and the holotype of H. foulkii is redescribed. The holotype of H. foulkii lacks distinguishing characters; therefore, this taxon is a nomen dubium. It is not synonymous with species of Gryposaurus and/or Kritosaurus. We also reevaluate the taxonomy and osteology of H. tripos, H. minor, H. cavatus, H. breviceps, H. paucidens, and Ornithotarsus immanis. In agreement with previous studies, these taxa are considered nomina dubia due to the absence of distinguishing characters and are therefore referrable only to Hadrosauridae indeterminate; H. paucidensis referrable to Lambeosaurinae indeterminate. Finally, our phylogenetic analysis indicates that the holotype of H. foulkii belongs to a member of Euhadrosauria and, tentatively, of Hadrosaurinae.
Disarticulated crinoid columnals and pluricolumnals from the Famennian of the Holy Cross area were analysed. Sixteen crinoid taxa were distinguished, only one of which is based on stems attributed to a calyx−based genus, and the others are classified within artificial supraspecific units. Two of these are new: Schyschcatocrinus levis sp. nov. and Cosmocrinus polonicussp. nov. The described crinoid fauna shows distinct extinction−recovery temporal pattern: the Frasnian–Famennian crisis affected 50% of stem−based families and 70% of late Frasnian stem−based genera. The succession of crinoid faunas represented by three faunal intervals has been identified and correlated to standard conodont zones: FIa, Palmatolepis triangularis Zone (relic “Frasnian” crinoid assemblage Schyschcatocrinus delicatus–Calleocrinus kielcensis), FIb, Pa. crepida to Pa. marginifera zones (crinoid assemblage Calleocrinus kielcensis–Schyschcatocrinus levis) and FIc, Pa. trachytera to S. praesulcata zones (crinoid assemblage Cosmocrinus polonicus–Acbastaucrinus affectatus). The succession was controlled mostly by eustatic factors.
The costovertebral articulation is integral to constrain the thoracic kinematics and to infer the breathing mechanism in the respect with costal aspiration. However, the structure of the costovertebral articulation in non−avian theropods has not been studied in great detail before. This study highlights the Tyrannosauridae, which is represented by numerous complete specimens. Costovertebral articulations of ten tyrannosaurid specimens, including two nearly in−situ articulated fossils, were investigated and compared with those in extant Archosauria. For extant archosaurs, dissections were conducted to rationalize the soft tissue anatomy in tyrannosaurids. This study shows that the rib articulates ventrally or posteroventrally with the distal end of the corresponding vertebral transverse process in the tyrannosaurid ribcage. A ligament (ligamentum costotransversarium) can be reconstructed to connect the rib tuberculum to the transverse process in each articulation. The scar for lig. costotransversarium is recognizable in many theropod skeletons, and this rugosity can be used to identify the rotational axis for the rib. This result provides a cornerstone for exploring the evolution of the ribcage and breathing mechanisms across the theropod lineage leading to birds.
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