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In a mesotrophic, shallow, macrophyte-dominated lake, stable plant cover can be attractive for zooplankton species being a grazer or a prey; dense submerged vegetation, Chara beds in particular, can offer a day-time refuge for cladocerans and some adult copepods. The former use this shelter also at night; on the contrary, young stages of Copepoda distinctively avoided both types of plant covered areas during the day and migrated towards open water. That might resulted from the increased grazing upon zooplankton. The pressure of predatory fish in open water probably forced young fish to seek for a shelter. As Chara beds are too dense to be penetrated, they preferred emergent plant zone. That might encourage copepods to undertake reversed DHM. The present study suggests a significant role of plant cover on diurnal zooplankton distribution. Dense charophyte patches could offer a daytime refuge for cladocerans, and some adult forms of Copepoda, while both groups of planktonic invertebrates did not take the advantage of emergent macrophytes cover to avoid fish predation.
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires all inland and coastal waters to reach “good ecological status” by 2015. The good ecological status of shallow lakes can be characterised by clear water dominated by submerged vegetation. The ecological response of shallow lakes on nutrients largely depends on morphological and hydrological features, such as water depth, retention time, water level fl uctuations, bottom type, fetch etc. These features determine the “critical nutrient load” of a lake. When the actual nutrient load of a lake is higher than the critical nutrient load, the ecological quality of this lake will deteriorate, resulting in a turbid state dominated by algae. Climate change might lead to changes in both environmental factors and ecosystem response. This certainly will have an effect on the ecological status. As an illustration the results of a multidiscipline study of a shallow peaty lake (Loenderveen) are presented, including hydrology, geochemistry and ecology. Ground- and surface water fl ows, nutrient dynamics and ecosystem functioning have been studied culminating in an application of the ecological model of the lake (PCLake). Future scenarios were implemented through changing precipitation, evaporation and temperature. Climate change will lead to higher nutrient loads and lower critical nutrient loads. As a consequence lakes shift easier from clear water to a turbid state.
The aim of this paper was the presentation and comparison of seasonal biogens changes and trophy state classification of two biggest shallow coastal lakes Gardno and Łebsko, located in the northern part of Poland, along the southern coast of the Baltic Sea. Measurements were conducted once a month from April to December 2007. For the purpose of this article at each lake one measurement station was selected, to represent well mixed area of the lakes, far from outlet to the sea and rivers. Performed measurements showed that the lakes are similar. The differences, observed between biogens concentration in lakes were statistically insignificant. Seasonal dynamics of nutrients concentration in lakes indicated that the lakes are typical shallow lakes. Moreover, the summer concentration of total nitrogen and phosphorus qualify these lakes as eutrophic.
Sediment cores were sampled from three typical shallow urban lakes in China. The Standards, Measurements and Testing (SMT) programme, proposed by the European Commission, was employed to characterize the vertical distributions of phosphorus fractions in sediment profiles. The results showed that TP contents ranged from 1,198.9 to 1,897.3, 1,289.1 to 1,652.1, and 611.7 to 760.3 mg kg⁻¹ in sediment profiles of Daming Lake, Mochou Lake, and Xuanwu Lake, respectively. Within the 50-cm sediment profiles, phosphorus distributed mainly in IP, and the OP contents only accounted for 9.7%-16.3% of TP. For IP in sediments, the AP was the predominant fraction for Daming Lake and Mochou Lake, accounting for 92.8%, and 71.4%, respectively. While for Xuanwu Lake the proportion of NAIP to IP was higher than that of AP (41.7%±6.0%), indicating that the Xuanwu Lake was polluted more heavily than the other two lakes. The phosphorus concentration in pore-water (TDP) correlated significantly to the P fractions in sediments, especially to the OP and NAIP contents, which could be predicted by: TDP (mg L⁻¹) = 0.005 OP (mg kg⁻¹) – 0.001 NAIP (mg kg⁻¹) + 0.138 (R² = 0.836, P<0.01). The physicochemical properties of sediments presented significant correlation to the contents of P fractions, highlighting the importance of the physicochemical properties of sediments for the phosphorus fraction distributions in lake sediments.
The study investigated the effect of microhabitat (emergent/submerged macrophytes) within lakes of different status (transparent/cloudy water) on the diversity and distribution of chironomid assemblages. Field and laboratory studies were undertaken bimonthly, from January to November 2008, in two shallow lakes of Polesie Lubelskie (eastern Poland), transparent water and cloudy water lake. The main objectives of the study were to compare the density and taxonomic richness of chironomids associated with emergent and submerged macrophytes within lakes of extremely different environmental conditions and to recognize the most important variables affected chironomid distribution between microhabitats within lakes. In transparent water lake, number of chironomid taxa varied between 12 (emergent macrophytes) and 18 taxa (submerged macrophytes) and was significantly higher than in cloudy water lake, 6 and 8 taxa, respectively. Mean abundance of chironomids associated with emergent macrophytes was higher in cloudy water lake. The opposite relation was observed on submerged macrophytes. The PCA analysis showed visible distinction of chironomid assemblages between microhabitats and lake types. The results of RDA led to determine the significant variables (Monte-Carlo permutation test) affected chironomid distribution. In both, transparent and cloudy water lake, the significant variables responsible for chironomids distinction between microhabitats were density and biomass of macrophytes, biomass of periphytic algae and pH. Moreover, nutrients, N-NO3 (transparent water lake) and P-PO4 (cloudy water lake), showed the significant influence.
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