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Current methods used for the diagnosis and treatment of coronary diseases require detailed knowledge of the morphology of cardiac vessels, including the clinical aspects of the subepicardial cardiac veins. The study was conducted on 50 corpses of adult domestic shorthair cats of both sexes (24 ♂, 26 ♀), having an average body weight of 4.15 kg and aged from 2 to 10 years. A clear view of subepicardial cardiac veins was obtained by filling them with dyed synthetic latex (LBS 3060). The next stage of the study consisted in a detailed preparation of the main trunks with the use of a Global surgical microscope. It was found that the veins that drained the heart were the great cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein, and the right cardiac veins. The course, main branches, and termination of the cardiac veins were determined. In view of the clinical importance of these cardiac vessels and their branches, universal nomenclature was suggested.
Research studies on the development of the cardiovascular system and its formation during embryologic development have been conducted for a long time. However, such studies have only gained a significant interest less than two decades ago. This can be related to the introduction of immunohistochemical methods, in which endothelium cell markers and their precursors as well as smooth muscle cell markers have been applied, lining the interior surface of a blood vessel wall of a larger diameter. In the process of coronary blood vessel formation two main mechanisms are involved: vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. The formation of vessels occurs in several stages. First a monolayer of endothelial cells begins sprouting to form tubes. These are then transformed into capillaries, veins and arteries.
Modern methods of diagnosis and treatment used in veterinary practice require detailed knowledge of the morphology, including clinical aspects of the subepicardial vessels of the heart. The study was performed on 60 hearts of female and male adult domestic shorthair cats. A distinct view of subepicardial arterial vessels was obtained by filling them with dyed synthetic latex (LBS 3060). The next stage of the study consisted in a detailed preparation of the left and right coronary arteries with a Global surgical microscope. The aim of the study was to determine the most frequent pattern of vascularization of the cat’s heart. In all specimens, the left coronary artery (a. coronaria sinistra) and the right coronary artery (a. coronaria dextra) were present. The origin, course, and termination of the coronary arteries were determined. Considering the clinical importance of the coronary arteries and their branches, universal nomenclature was suggested.
Literature provides no detailed descriptions concerning the topography of the feline heart. Some schematic and often contradictory information is found in a few publications. This study was performed on 60 corpses of adult domestic shorthair cats of various ages and both sexes. In all specimens the following were determined: the skeletotopy of the cardiac notch of the left lung, the apex and the base of heart. The studied material revealed that most frequently the cardiac notch is located on the level V of intercostal space, just above the costochondral joint (25 cats, 41.67%). The base of the heart, directed towards the cranial thoracic aperture, mostly reached half of the length of IV rib (25 cats, 41.67%). In most cases, in 35 individuals (58.33%), the apex was located at the level IV intercostal space, in the vicinity of the sternocostal joint. These observations should be under consideration when auscultating and imaging hearts in cats.
The study was designed to determine the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on chemical coding of intramural nerve fibers localized in the cardiac apex of domestic pigs. Investigations were performed on 10 immature gilts. The animals were divided into two groups: control (Group K) and experimental (Group B). Gilts from Group B received capsules containing bisphenol A (0.5 mg/kg m.c/day) for 28 days. After euthanasia, fragments of the cardiac apex were collected and subjected to the standard single immunofluorescence method, using primary antisera directed against neuropeptide Y (NPY), vesicular transporter acetylcholine (VAChT), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), substance P (SP), transcript regulated cocaine and amphetamine peptide (CART) and gene calcitonin (CGRP), as well as secondary antibodies conjugated with fluorochromes: Alexa fluor 488 or Alexa fluor 546. The present studies demonstrated that orally administered bisphenol A causes a marked increase in the number of nerve fibers immunoreactive to NPY, VAChT, TH and SP. On the other hand, CART and CGRP immunoreactive fibers have not been detected during the present study either in healthy animals or in pigs after BPA administration. Bisphenol A affects the neurochemical profile of nerves located in the cardiac apex of domestic pigs. These fluctuations in the chemical coding of nerve fibers may be associated with neuroprotective and adaptive processes in the myocardium. However, as of yet the mechanisms of these changes are not fully explained. They may be connected with the direct action of BPA on the myocardium and/or general neurodegenerative effects of this substance on the nervous system.
Abnormalities of diastolic filling can lead to diastolic dysfunction and heart failure. Echocardiography is a valuable tool for the evaluation of diastolic cardiac function. A high correlation between measurements of diastolic mitral inflow parameters analyzed with Doppler echocardiography and through invasive methods makes the former valuable. The aim of this study was to compare values obtained from healthy dogs to those obtained from subclinically and clinically ill dogs with mitral valve regurgitation and to determine the value of these parameters for use in diastolic myocardial dysfunction and/or diastolic heart failure diagnosis. The study was performed on 248 healthy and cardiologically ill dogs of different breeds and ages. Eleven parameters were analyzed: E wave, E-AT, E-DT, E time, A wave, A-AT, A-DT, A time, E+A time, E/A ratio, IVRT. Significant differences were found in E wave, A wave, E/A ratio, A-DT and E+A time among healthy dogs and dogs with mitral valve regurgitation. This study confirmed the value of the noninvasive echocardiographic assessment of the diastolic function in dogs. The most useful parameters include E wave, A wave, E-DT, E/A ratio and IVRT.
The development of techniques used in the diagnosis and treatment of circulatory system pathologies requires detailed knowledge of coronary arteries. Blood supply to the heart is provided by the left coronary artery (a. coronaria sinistra) and the right coronary artery (a. coronaria dextra). The conventional anatomical nomenclature takes into consideration only the names of the main trunks. The nomenclature of the branches has not been unified, which leads to considerable difficulties in comparative analysis. The aim of the study was to determine the most frequent pattern of vascularization of the dog’s heart. Considering the clinical importance of coronary arteries and their branches, universal nomenclature was suggested.
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