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Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for identification of biomolecules such as peptides, proteins, oligosaccharides and neurotransmitters. Recent development of the nanospray techniques, applied at ultralow flow-rates, allowed a sensitive analysis of compounds at femto/attomolar level. Here, we present application of a novel nanospray device for the analysis and fragmentation of peptides with high sensitivity on a sector instrument. The lowest applied flow-rate of the mobile phase was maintained at 50 nl/min with a sample load of 90 fmol. Nanospray also provided a complete analysis of 500 nl of the sample for over 10 min, including sequencing of as little as 40 pmol of a substance. Such analysis provides full structural information necessary to identify the molecules.
Ophrys holubyana Andrasovszky (Orchidaceae), distributed in the Carpatho-Pannonian region, is generally believed to be of hybrid origin. Although its hybrid origin is broadly accepted by many authors, no molecular evidence has been found to support the hypothesis. The nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (nrDNA ITS) region was sequenced from Ophrys holubyana, and from the presumed progenitor taxa: Ophrys fuciflora (Cr.) Rchb. and Ophrys bicornis Sadler ex Nendtvich. Nearly all the known populations in the Carpatho-Pannonian region were sampled, and the first data on the nrDNA ITS sequence of O. holubyana and O. bicornis are presented. Aligning the ITS sequences revealed no differences among the ten samples. After cloning the amplified ITS regions, eight discrete ITS paralogs with regularly appearing nucleotide differences could be partitioned, differing in only 6 base pairs. Paralog sequences were detected not only in O. holubyana but also in some populations of the two parent species, suggesting that O. fuciflora and O. bicornis in the Carpatho-Pannonian region are also partially of hybrid origin themselves, or influenced by introgression. The study suggests that nrlTS regions can be generally useful in the study of Ophrys systematics and phylogeography and for analyzing the hybrid zones of related Ophrys species groups.
In this study, we used RT-PCR to detect and characterize canine distemper virus isolated from 9 naturally infected foxes, 3 minks and 3 dogs in Poland by amplifying and sequencing a portion of the NP gene. A 293-bp fragment of the CDV NP gene was amplified by RT-PCR. Sequencing of the PCR products from the isolates led to the identification of 3 sequence variants. The mostly representative polymorphic variant No. 1 showed high homology with Chinese isolate of CDV with a accession number EF 375619. The sequences of all isolates from this polymorphic variants compared with the sequences of other polymorphic variants obtained in the study and with European and American isolates sequences from GenBank showed the conservative nucleotides changes in positions 57, 132, 143, 159 and 237. These mutations can indicate that in this part of Europe there are new variants of CDV.
Phalaenopsis is one of the world’s most popular and important epiphytic monopodial orchids. The extraordinary floral diversity of Phalaenopsis is a reflection of its evolutionary success. As a consequence of this diversity, and of the complexity of flower color development in Phalaenopsis, this species is a valuable research material for developmental biology studies. Nevertheless, research on the molecular mechanisms underlying flower color and floral organ formation in Phalaenopsis is still in the early phases. In this study, we generated large amounts of data from Phalaenopsis flowers by combining Illumina sequencing with differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis. We obtained 37 723 and 34 020 unigenes from petals and labella, respectively. A total of 2736 DEGs were identified, and the functions of many DEGs were annotated by BLAST-searching against several public databases. We mapped 837 up-regulated DEGs (432 from petals and 405 from labella) to 102 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. Almost all pathways were represented in both petals (102 pathways) and labella (99 pathways). DEGs involved in energy metabolism were significantly differentially distributed between labella and petals, and various DEGs related to flower color and floral differentiation were found in the two organs. Interestingly, we also identified genes encoding several key enzymes involved in carotenoid synthesis. These genes were differentially expressed between petals and labella, suggesting that carotenoids may influence Phalaenopsis flower color. We thus conclude that a combination of anthocyanins and/or carotenoids determine flower color formation in Phalaenopsis. These results broaden our understanding of the mechanisms controlling flower color and floral organ differentiation in Phalaenopsis and other orchids.
Next-generation sequencing (NGS), also known as high-throughput sequencing, is a novel method widely used in animal science and veterinary research. Introduction of NGS was a great breakthrough that has revolutionized the world of molecular biology techniques and animal genetics. An unquestionable advantage of NGS is connected with the almost unlimited insight into genetic information it provides. This review discusses the most important applications and achievements in animal genomics thanks to detailed sequence information. Here we present the history of sequencing and its further development. Applications of the NGS technique in whole genome sequencing, whole exorne sequencing, targeted sequencing of DNA fragments and RNA sequencing in animal research are discussed.
Cathepsin LI (CatLl) is one of the major molecules in the excretory-secretory products of Fasciola hepatica and is secreted by all stages of the developing parasite; it is involved in tissue penetration, immune evasion, feeding and pathogenesis. Our aim in this study was to clone and characterise the F. hepatica CatLl gene from a Turkish isolate. This is the first report of cDNA encoding CatL 1 protein of F. hepatica from a Turkish isolate. Phylogenetic analysis based on the CatLl showed that the Turkish isolate is genetically related to Asiatic isolates. The cathepsin LI gene may be used for DNA vaccination and recombinant protein derived from the gene can be used for serological diagnosis against F. hepatica in Turkey.
In 1985-2002 thirteen weeds resistant to atrazine were selected by a repeated application of triazine herbicides on arable land, in orchards, non-agricultural land and at railways in the Czech Republic. Recently Digitaria sanguinalis biotypes resistant to atrazine have been found at three railway junctions. Long-lasting application of the active ingredient imazapyr at railways caused selection of resistant Kochia scoparia biotypes. High resistance to chlorsulfuron has been discovered in five Apera spica-venti biotypes originating in winter cereals fields. The molecular basis of resistance to atrazine has been identified in the following weeds: Kochia scoparia, Solatium nigrum, Senecio vulgaris, Conyza canadensis, Digitaria sanguinalis, Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album. The resistance was conferred by a glycine for serine substitution at residue 264 of the D1 protein in all of those weeds. The resistance to imazapyr in Czech Kochia scoparia biotypes was conferred by a mutation at codon 574 of the ALS gene. Analysis of the results of DNA sequencing indicated, that the mutation induced a leucine for tryptophane substitution. There was excellent correspondence between the phenotypic resistance to herbicides of individual plants and the presence of mutations.
Potamogeton ×subrufus Hagstr. was described as a hybrid between P. lucens L. and P. nodosus Poir.; however, the taxon had not been widely accepted and regarded as conspecific with P. ×fluitans Roth, the hybrid between P. lucens and P. natans L. The origin of P. ×subrufus had been obscured till 2010, when, based on morpho-anatomical treatment, it was shown that P. ×subrufus displays several characters consistently different from those of P. ×fluitans. Here we report a successful amplification and sequencing of nuclear ribosomal ITS1 region from a 115 year-old herbarium specimen of P. ×subrufus, collected in locus classicus by J. Baagöe and preserved in the Herbarium of the Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University (KRA). Based on the additive polymorphism pattern expressed in the ITS1 sequences of P. ×subrufus, we demonstrate that one of the parents of this hybrid was P. nodosus, as was claimed by Hagström.
Symptoms of shoot dieback and leaf yellowing followed by leaf chlorosis were observed in naturally infected roses 'Frisco' and 'Suela', cultivated in a commercial greenhouse in Poland. The presence of phytoplasma was demonstrated in affected plants by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with R16Fl/RO and Pl/p7 primer pairs in the first round followed by a second one with RI6F2n/R2, fNrA, Pc399/p1694, R16(1)Fl/Rl and PllfArev primer pairs. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of PCR products (primed with primers R16F2n/R2) was done using enzymes Alul, Msel, Rsal and HpaII. Restriction profiles obtained with these enzymes were identical to those of reference strain AYl belonging to aster yellows phytoplasma group, subgroup l-B (16SrI-B). Nested PCR products from roses 'Frisco' and 'Suela' were sequenced. Analysis of sequences confirmed that the phytoplasma infecting those roses could be classified to aster yellows phytoplasma group, subgroup B.
Dwukrotnie, w roku 2003 i 2007, z pomidora szklarniowego z objawami nekrozy liści wyizolowano wirusa sferycznego. Występowniu wirusa każdorazowo towarzyszyła obecność mączlika szklarniowego (Trialeurodes vaporariorum). Eksperymentalnie po raz pierwszy wykazano, że mączlik szklarniowy jest wektorem wirusa sferycznego. Mączlik szklarniowy przenosił wirusa bardzo efektywnie (100%). Wirus porażał zakres roślin głównie z rodziny psiankowatych. Badania w mikroskopie elektronowym wykazały, że wirus ma średnicę ok. 28 nm, występuje w soku w niskiej koncentracji w postaci pojedyńczych cząstek, a w oraganach komórkowych w postaci skupisk podobnych do kryształów. Oczyszczone preparaty wirusa sedymentowały w gradiencie gęstości sacharozy w postaci 2 stref, wynikających z 2 typów cząstek różniących się współczynnikiem sedymentacji. Genom wirusa składa się z dwóch fragmentów: RNA1 o wielkości 7800 pz i RNA2 o wielkości 5400 pz. Białko otoczki wirusowej składa się z 3 podjednostek o wielkości 35, 26 i 23 kD. Opisany w roku 2007 nowy wirus Tomato torrado virus (ToTV) wykazywał duże podobieństwo do polskiego izolatu przenoszonego przez mączlika. Na podstawie sekwencji ToTV zaprojektowano własne startery, które w RT-PCR z polskim izolatem dały produkty o wielkości ok 892 pz dla RNA1 i 573 pz dla RNA2. Produkty te poddano sekwencjonowaniu i porównanie z sekwencjami ToTV wykazało pokrewieństwo 99 i 98% odpowiednio dla RNA1 I RNA2. Podobieństwo objawów chorobowych, morfologii cząstek wirusa, organizacji genomu i wysoki stopień pokrewieństwa genetycznego pozwala uznać polski izolat wirusa sferycznego, przenoszonego przez mączlika szklarniowego, za izolat wirusa nekrozy pomidora (ToTV).
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