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This article presents the results of a study on seed coat micromorphology and epicuticular structure of Ginkgo biloba cultivars. The micromorphology of the seed coat of 10 cultivars and one clone of female G. biloba were analysed. The taxa differed in the size and shape. Homogeneous epicuticular wax deposited in the form of wax tubules on the sarcotesta and sclerotesta surfaces. There were great differences in wax between the outer and inner layer of the sarcotesta. In the endotesta wax was diversified in the form of tubules, platelets or it was mixed. The article includes descriptions and illustrations of several micromorphological features which have not been published previously. The results of the SEM and LM investigation confirmed the taxonomic significance of the micromorphological traits in the Ginkgo genus. In the seeds many characters are present in of all the taxa and may be typical of Ginkgo.
W prezentowanych badaniach materiałem badawczym były nasiona rzepaku poddane procesowi obłuskiwania, a celem było określenie parametrów pracy separatora sitowo-pneumatycznego, z założeniem uzyskania największej skuteczności. Podczas badań zmieniana była wielkość otwarcia przesłony w cyklonie, która reguluje prędkość przepływu powietrza oraz zastosowano trzy rodzaje sit prostokątnych, tj.: sito 2,5 x 25 mm, 5 x 25 mm i 1,3 x 20 mm oraz sito z otworami okrągłymi o średnicy 2,5 mm w celu doboru najefektywniejszej separacji. Analizując wyniki strat liścieni oraz skuteczności oddzielenia okrywy owocowo-nasiennej najefektowniejsze okazało się zastosowanie sita prostokątnego o wymiarach 1,3 x 20 mm jako górne oraz 2,5 x 25 mm jako dolne oraz ustawiając prędkość przepływu powietrza 7,5 m·s-1.
The micromorphological typology of seed surfaces was investigated in rapid-cycling Brassica (RCBr) forms, using scanning electron microscopy. Four types of basic ornamentation pattern were recognized: reticulate (B. rapa, B. juncea), reticulate-foveolate (B. nigra), randomly reticulate (B. oleracea, B. napus) and reticulate-rugose (B. carinata). The seed coats showed variation in the shape and size of the testa epidermal cells and the structure of the outer periclinal and anticlinal cell walls. The surface patterns in RCBr seeds were less exposed and were moderately reticulated compared to cultivated Brassica species. The micromorphological characteristics of the seed coats may provide valuable additional diagnostic criteria for delimitation of RCBr forms, and can be used in identification of seeds.
Relations between the milling quality and colour of wheat grain, and the content of ferulic acid were studied. It was found that the content of ferulic acid in the bran of the analysed varieties of wheat is a statistically significant feature of a variety which depends on grain size. Next, the colour of wheat grain differentiates winter and spring varieties according to their technologic quality. The analysis of the correlation between the content of ferulic acid in the bran and the colour of wheat grain indicates relations between the colour specified as the average value of grey level occurrence and the content of ferulic acid. The higher the content of ferulic acid in the bran, the lower number of grey level determines the colour of wheat grain surface, i.e. the higher content of ferulic acid, the darker the colour of grain surface.
Variations in seed coat patterns are successfully employed in the establishment of evolutionary relationships. This research addressed the evolutionary implications of the anatomy of the developing seed coat in amphidiploid Brassica species. Light microscopy was used to study the development of seed coat structure in six species (15 accessions): three amphidiploids and their three diploid parents. Four types of epidermis layer, six types of subepidermis and nine types of palisade layer could be recognized during the course of the seed coat developmental process. The types of epidermis and subepidermis layers in diploids and amphidiploids changed similarly during seed development. Although there was little difference in the types of palisade layer among the accessions of diploids and amphidiploids at the early stages, many particular types appeared in these species at middle and later developmental stages. Palisade layer development varied in complicated ways in amphidiploids. Some accessions showed palisade layer types intermediate between the two putative parents, while others resembled only one of the two diploid ancestors. The developmental types of epidermis and subepidermis did not show the relationships between amphidiploids and diploids. However, the development of types of palisade layer apparently can serve as an excellent character indicating the seed coat evolution of amphidiploids.
This paper presents the results of comparative studies on seed morphology and anatomy of two species: Erica carnea and E. erigena. SEM and LM micrographs are presented. The seeds differ in size and shape of epidermal cells of the seed coat, but they represent the same structural type, which is clearly dissimilar from that of the other European species of this genus.
Seed vigour, viability, the contents of soluble carbohydrates, total protein, albumins, and globulins, as well as seed coat structure, were analysed in yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) cv. Iryd seeds stored for 20 years at -14oC, 0oC or at room temperature (approx. +20oC). Seed storage at room temperature reduced viability (to 2%) and increased seed leachate electroconductivity. Determinations of total proteins showed that protein content was significantly reduced in seeds stored at +20oC compared to the other storage regimens. Raffinose family oligosaccharides were the main soluble carbohydrates in seeds stored at 0oC and -14oC, whereas sucrose dominated in seeds stored at room temperature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of seed surface and seed coat sections revealed appearance of an amorphic layer on the surface of seeds stored at room temperature (not observed in other seeds) and distinct shrinking of macrosclereid layer in seeds stored at -14oC. Macrosclereids layer in all seeds was 100 um thick and accounted for 60% of seed coat thickness. The obtained results suggest that for long term storage of lupin seeds at 0oC is the most advisable temperature if both costs of storage and seed storability are considered.
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