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Schistosomiasis is a disease with a strong genetic component influenced by socioeconomic and ecological factors. Epidemiological studies have identified several genetic regions involved in the schistosomiasis susceptibility. However, it is not well known what physiological traits are predisposing to the disease. The study of experimental infections in inbred mouse strains with variable genetic susceptibility to the disease offers a good opportunity to tackle this question. F1B6CBA hybrid between the most divergent strains was infected in order to characterize the immunophenotypes that correlate with the susceptibility of schistosomiasis disease in mice. Complete blood counts and immunophenotype were determined at 0, 3, 6, and 9 weeks post infection. Nine weeks after cercariae exposure, animals were perfused and worm recovery was assessed. A large number of hepatic lesions, a reduction in the eosinophil and basophil count in the acute phase of infection and the decreased number of monocytes, neutrophils and B-lymphocytes are phenotypes associated with increased susceptibility to S. mansoni infection.
No freshwater snails were collected form the study area. The observed range of many physico-chemical factors was within the tolerance levels of the freshwater snails. The differences in the seasonal means of the parameters were not statistically significant. The absence of freshwater snails, including the snail vectors of schistosomiasis, was therefore attributed to the combined effect of the acidic nature of the water bodies and the low topographical terrain of the study area.
The chloroform extract of Ailanthus altissima stem bark and the alcoholic extract of Ziziphus spina christi roots were tested for their antischistosomal and hepatoprotective effects. The effect of schistosomal infection and treatment with both extracts on the activities of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, acid phosphatase, 5’nucleotidase, glucose-6-phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase were estimated as measures of hepatic metabolic function, on free radical production in the form of lipid peroxides and on the levels of certain antioxidants namely, catalase, glutathione, vitamins C and E. In addition, the efficiency of the tested extracts on reducing the worm burden and ova counts in the infected mice was evaluated. The obtained data revealed that infection with S.mansoni increased lipid peroxides and decreased all antioxidant levels. On the other hand, the activities of acid phosphatase and 5`nucleotidase were higher while those of glucose-6-phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase were lower with respect to control. However, treatment with both A.altissima and Z.spina christi ameliorated the disturbed lipid peroxides, antioxidants and enzymes’ levels to nearly the control values, the chloroform extract of A.altissima showing a more pronounced improving effect against liver damage caused by parasitic infection. This study confirms the recent approach of many researchers for the use of plants in the treatment of liver diseases as alternatives to the classical chemotherapeutic drugs which may provide a low incidence of side effects.
Two Schistosoma mansoni cDNA clones 30S and 1H were identified by immuno- screening of sporocyst 2gt11 library and by random sequencing of clones from 2Zap libraries, respectively. Clone 30S was one of 30 clones identified by an antibody raised against tegument of 3-h schistosomules. The clone was found to encode an 81 amino-acid protein fragment. It was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein of calculated molecular mass of about 35 kDa with C-terminus of Schistosoma japonicum glutathione-S-transferase (Sj26; about 26 kDa). The recombinant fusion protein was specifically recognized by serum of rabbits immunized with irradiated cercariae. Clone 1H is one of 76 expressed sequence tags derived from an adult worm library. It encodes the complete sequence of a tegumental membrane protein, Sm13. The 104 amino-acid open reading frame encodes a protein with a calculated molecular mass of about 11.9 kDa. Clone 1H was expressed in E. coli as an insoluble fusion pro­tein with Sj26 of about 40 kDa. In Western blots, the fusion protein was recognized by serum from rabbits vaccinated with irradiated cercariae but not by preimmune rabbit sera. The cloning, characterization and expression of those proteins are therefore po­tentially usefull for vaccine development.
The aim of this study was to construct and evaluate the immunity efficacy of the DNA multivalent vaccine pVIVO2SjFABP-23. The vaccine was constructed and produced as follows. Forty BALB/c mice were divided into four groups designated pVIVO2, pVIVO2Sj23, pVIVO2SjFABP and pVIVO2SjFABP-23. Each mouse was immunized with 100 µg of the corresponding plasmid DNA by intramuscular injection. 28 days postvaccination, the mice were challenged with S. japonicum cercariae, and the worm and egg burdens were determined 42 days post-challenge. Serum samples were collected from all the mice before and after vaccination and at the end of the experiment, and used for antibody detection. The IFN-γ and IL-4 levels were quantified in the supernatants of specifically stimulated spleen cells. The number of worms was reduced by 52%, 40% and 42% in mice respectively immunized with pVIVO2SjFABP-23, pVIVO2Sj23 or pVIVO2SjFABP. A respective 61%, 38% and 39% egg reduction was determined relative to those mice that only received the empty pVIVO2 plasmid. pVIVO2SjFABP-23 immunization increased IgG levels against SWAP and SEA. Increased IFN-γ levels were detected in the supernatant of specific stimulated spleen cells from mice immunized with the 3 different constructs. The multivalent DNA vaccine developed induced higher levels of protection than the two monovalent tested vaccines.
Schistosomiasis is caused by Schistosoma mansoni and is a public health problem in Brazil. The typical granulomatous lesion is associated with the increase in the oxidative damage by generation of free radicals. The aim of this work was to correlate some oxidative stress markers with the worm burden on carriers of schistosomiasis (n = 30) in the acute phase in comparison to healthy subjects (n = 30). The pro-oxidant parameter used was the colorimetric quantification of reactive substances to thiobarbituric acid, while the antioxidant markers used were blood content of reduced glutathione and determination of the activity of catalase. The worm burden was assessed by Kato-Katz method. The results pointed out that initially there was no difference in the catalase activity. However, there was a positive correlation between the increase in parasitic load and intensity of lipid peroxidation, and decrease in the content of reduced glutathione. Additionally, only the aspartate aminotransferase levels presented to be high, while there was a decrease in bilirubin level. Therefore, a possible association between the establishment of the oxidative stress in tissue and the parasitic load of Schistosoma mansoni is suggested.
An enzyme-histochemical study of five enzymes, namely succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cytochrome oxidase (CCO), cholinesterase (CHE) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), was elucidated in the soft tissues of Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host snail of Schistosoma japonicum, before and after the treatment with a suspension concentrate of niclosamide (SCN). Following the treatment of SCN, a marked loss occurred in the activity of the five enzymes mentioned above. LDH and SDH showed their strongest activity in the buccal mass and muscular fibers, CCO in buccal mass and liver, CHE in pellicle and ganglia, and NOS in muscular fibers and pharyngeal canal. The results indicate that SCN impairs the activities of the enzymes influencing the transfer of neurotransmitter and energy supply in O. hupensis, ultimately leading to the loss of various physiological functions, which is considered to be a cause of death in O. hupensis.
Biomphalaria pfeifferi (Krauss) and Bulinus truncatus (Audouin) were infected with schistosome parasites. Infected B. pfeifferi occurred in 5 (11.9%) while infected B. truncatus occurred in 2(4.8%) of the 42 sites surveyed. Snail infection was highest (6.2%) from May to July and lowest (3.0%) from February to April. The number of infected snails increased with density. The snail population peaked in June while the smallest number were collected in March. The seasonality of the snail population was attributed to changes in the rainfall pattern.
Studies on vesical schistosomiasis and its snail vectors were carried out between October 2001–May 2002 among rural Ezza farmers inhabiting the southwestern border of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The people are predominantly farmers. Of the 2,104 urine specimens examined in 10 communities, 466 (22.1%) comprising 305 (23.7%) men and 161 (19.7%) women were infected with visible haematuria as the predominant presenting symptom. Ezza people associate bloody urine with sexually transmitted diseases. There were no significant differences in the prevalence rates amongst various villages and sexes (p>0.05). There was a gradual increase in the disease prevalence as the subjects’ age increases. About 78.3% of the infected persons are aged 0–20 years. Statistical analysis revealed that the prevalence, intensity and visible haematuria were significantly more (p<0.05) in subjects under the age of 20 than subjects above 20. Among the infected population, 183 (39.3%) and 283 (60.7%) were excreting 50 eggs/10 ml urine and above 50 eggs/10 ml urine respectively. Lack of visible haematuria is a more valid indicator of the absence of vesical schistosomiasis. Of the various snails collected during malacological survey, mainly B. globosus were infected. Possible control measures are discussed.
The granulomatous reaction which occurs around egg trapped in the intrahepatic venules ultimately may lead to fibrosis, which is the main pathogenesis of schistosomiasis. The excreted proteins from eggs play an important role during this process, and they may be a target for developing new strategies to control the hepatic pathogenesis caused by schistosome infection. In this study, fifteen genes encoding secreted or membrane binding protein were identified with the signal sequence trapping method by retrovirus mediated expression screening (SST-REX) of cDNAs from the egg of Schistosoma japonicum (Chinese strain).
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